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嫦娥四号能量中性原子观测揭示太阳风与月面相互作用新特征

谢良海 张爱兵 李磊 王慧姿 史全岐 张江 王文静 WEISERMartin 张艺腾 孔令高 冯永勇 周斌 王劲东

谢良海, 张爱兵, 李磊, 王慧姿, 史全岐, 张江, 王文静, WEISERMartin, 张艺腾, 孔令高, 冯永勇, 周斌, 王劲东. 嫦娥四号能量中性原子观测揭示太阳风与月面相互作用新特征[J]. 空间科学学报, 2022, 42(1): 11-24. doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.01.20220113
引用本文: 谢良海, 张爱兵, 李磊, 王慧姿, 史全岐, 张江, 王文静, WEISERMartin, 张艺腾, 孔令高, 冯永勇, 周斌, 王劲东. 嫦娥四号能量中性原子观测揭示太阳风与月面相互作用新特征[J]. 空间科学学报, 2022, 42(1): 11-24. doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.01.20220113
XIE Lianghai, ZHANG Aibing, LI Lei, WANG Huizi, SHI Quanqi, ZHANG Jiang, WANG Wenjing, WEISER Martin, ZHANG Yiteng, KONG Linggao, FENG Yongyong, ZHOU Bin, WANG Jindong. Chang’E-4 Energetic Neutral Atom Observation Reveals New Features about the Solar Wind–Moon Interaction (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Space Science,  2022, 42(1): 11-24.  DOI: 10.11728/cjss2022.01.20220113
Citation: XIE Lianghai, ZHANG Aibing, LI Lei, WANG Huizi, SHI Quanqi, ZHANG Jiang, WANG Wenjing, WEISER Martin, ZHANG Yiteng, KONG Linggao, FENG Yongyong, ZHOU Bin, WANG Jindong. Chang’E-4 Energetic Neutral Atom Observation Reveals New Features about the Solar Wind–Moon Interaction (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Space Science,  2022, 42(1): 11-24.  DOI: 10.11728/cjss2022.01.20220113

嫦娥四号能量中性原子观测揭示太阳风与月面相互作用新特征

doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.01.20220113
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2020 YFE0202100)和国家自然科学基金项目(41941001,42174216)共同资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    张爱兵:E-mail:zhab@nssc.ac.cn

  • 中图分类号: P354.1

Chang’E-4 Energetic Neutral Atom Observation Reveals New Features about the Solar Wind–Moon Interaction

  • 摘要:

    与地球不同,月球暴露在太阳风中。太阳风注入到月面,与月壤相互作用,部分太阳风质子以能量中性原子(Energetic Neutral Atom, ENA)的形式被月表散射。另外,月球局部地区的磁异常能阻挡太阳风到达月面,并形成微磁层,成为月面天然的保护屏障。然而以往相关的观测数据都来自轨道器,月面的真实情况无从知晓。嫦娥四号任务搭载的中性原子探测仪首次在月面就位测量ENA,为研究月面和太阳风相互作用提供了新的视角。本文综述了嫦娥四号的ENA探测,重点介绍了一些不同于以往遥感观测的新现象,包括月面ENA反射率较高,ENA通量向低能段聚集,以及除了氢ENA还有其他重成分ENA等。分析上游太阳风观测数据发现,月面对太阳风的作用主要体现在105~523 eV能量段,且在磁异常下游时ENA通量整体偏低。利用全球Hall MHD数值模拟,证明了微磁层是造成ENA通量降低的原因。同时,还发现月球微磁层的形成与太阳风动压以及离子惯性长度有关,微磁层内的静电场使得太阳风减速和偏转,对应的电势差为50~260 V。

     

  • 图  1  中性原子探测仪传感器

    Figure  1.  Ion optical elements of the sensor

    图  2  中性原子探测器正样

    Figure  2.  ASAN flight model

    图  3  (a) 巡视器上的中性原子探测仪 (红色正方形) ,(b) 仪器安装方位 (巡视器前进方向为+x方向,虚线显示的是视场的视轴) ,(c) 中性原子探测仪收集粒子的表面区域的视场范围

    Figure  3.  (a) ASAN (red square) on the rover, (b) accommodation geometry (the rover moves nominally in the +x direction, and the dotted line shows the bore sight of FOV), (c) field of view footprint of the surface area from which ASAN collects particles

    图  4  2019年5月1日06:18-10:45 UTC期间测得的能量中性粒子平均能谱

    Figure  4.  Average ENA energy spectrum from 06:18 to 10:45 UTC on May 1, 2019

    图  5  2019年5月1日06:18-10:45 UTC观测的能量中性氢原子平均能谱

    Figure  5.  Average hydrogen ENA energy spectra at 06:18-10:45 UTC on May 1, 2019

    图  6  嫦娥四号着陆点周围的磁场分布

    Figure  6.  Lunar crustal magnetic field strength distribution near the Chang’E-4 landing site

    图  7  ENA观测对应的月球地方时及ENA 微分通量$ {J}_{{\rm{ENA}}} $与太阳风通量法向分量$ {J}_{{\rm{SW}},{\rm{N}}} $之间的关系

    Figure  7.  Local time for ASAN ENA measurement, dependence of the differential ENA flux JENA on the normal component of the solar wind flux Jsw,N

    图  8  (a)和(b)分别为穿透效率${\eta }_{{\rm{sw}}}$、离子惯性长度Lpi和太阳风动压法向分量Pd,N的依赖关系,(c)归一化的能谱,不同点间的间隔约为0.1 Esw

    Figure  8.  Dependences of penetrating efficiency (a) and the ion inertia length Lpi (b) on the normal component of the solar wind dynamic pressure Pd,N, respectively, (c) normalized energy spectra with an increment of about 0.1 Esw for the upstream, inside, and outside measurements, respectively

    图  9  (a)情况1的三维模拟结果,其中月球上的灰度图表示月球磁场大小,彩色透视图表示密度等值图,其大小利用太阳风密度Nsw进行了归一化,紫色圆圈为嫦娥四号(Chang’E-4)位置;(b)(c)(d)(e)分别为情况1、2、3和4在z =–0.712 RLxy平面上的速度模拟结果

    Figure  9.  (a) 3D view of the simulation result for Case 1, where the central ball represents the lunar body with gray contours to show the magnitudes of the crustal magnetic fields, and the 3D colored contours show the number densities normalized by the solar wind number density Nsw. The magenta circle indicates the location of Chang’E-4. (b)(c)(d)(e) are the results in the xy plane at z = –0.712 RL for Cases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively

    图  10  ENA微分通量与太阳风通量的关系。红色圆圈表示在月球晨侧的数据,蓝色圆圈表示在月球昏侧的数据,R1R2分别表示晨侧和昏侧的相关系数

    Figure  10.  Relationship between the ENA differential flux and solar wind flux. The red circles indicate the data on the lunar dawnside, and the blue circles indicate the data on the lunar duskside. R1 and R2 represent the correlation coefficients on the dawnside and duskside, respectively

    图  11  (a)晨侧(红线)和昏侧(蓝线)太阳风能量与ENA截止能量的关系,(b)晨侧(红线)和昏侧(蓝线)的太阳风能量与ENA温度的关系。虚线为95%置信区间

    Figure  11.  Relationships between solar wind energy and ENA cutoff energy on the dawnside (red line) and duskside (blue line). The dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals

    图  12  月表相对于太阳风的静电势(a)及太阳风减速百分比与太阳风能量的关系(b)。虚线为95%置信区间

    Figure  12.  (a) Lunar surface electrostatic potential relative to the solar wind, (b) relation between the solar wind deceleration percentage and the solar wind energy. The dashed lines are 95% confidence intervals

    表  1  各ASAN能量段内ENA微分通量与太阳风通量的线性拟合结果

    Table  1.   Linear fitting results of the integrated solar wind flux and the differential flux in each ASAN energy bin

    能量/eV晨侧 c晨侧 k晨侧 r2昏侧 c昏侧 k昏侧 r2
    30 1.22×10–3 –1.44×104 0.73 1.29×10–4 1.15×105 0.04
    46 –1.31×10–4 5.31×104 0.32 –8.38×10–6 1.73×104 0.00
    73 1.66×10–5 1.32×103 0.36 5.98×10–6 3.90×103 0.05
    105 5.85×10–6 4.20×102 0.49 2.91×10–6 6.36×102 0.34
    140 3.17×10–6 3.97×102 0.34 2.73×10–6 95.1 0.55
    181 3.20×10–6 32.4 0.48 2.09×10–6 1.12 0.62
    226 1.37×10–6 2.51×102 0.22 1.02×10–6 58.9 0.36
    278 1.04×10–6 2.12×102 0.20 1.08×10–6 –12.4 0.48
    333 8.43×10–7 1.60×102 0.18 6.24×10–7 13.9 0.22
    392 7.02×10–7 1.38×102 0.19 4.59×10–7 22.7 0.24
    451 6.60×10–7 66.4 0.25 3.43×10–7 27.6 0.16
    523 5.31×10–7 17.3 0.27 5.94×10–7 –20.7 0.48
    597 2.36×10–7 69.8 0.15 4.14×10–7 –25.3 0.64
    681 2.09×10–7 64.1 0.08 1.24×10–7 17.4 0.39
    764 2.78×10–7 25.4 0.18 –2.72×10–8 43.8 0.04
    857 –5.46×10–9 68.8 0.00 –1.85×10–7 93.0 0.98
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-12-28
  • 录用日期:  2022-01-23
  • 修回日期:  2022-01-11
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-05-25

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