Review of Comprehensive Exploitation Technology of Lunar Water Ice Resource
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摘要: 水冰作为月球的重要资源，是未来月球科研站以及月球基地建设和运行的基本保障，开展月球水冰资源综合开发技术研究是目前各航天大国的关注热点之一。本文调研了有关月球水冰的探测和研究成果，阐述了月球水冰的赋存状态与分布特征，详细分析了月球水冰资源在开采提取、分离纯化、储存运输和分解利用等环节的技术方案，并简要评述了各个方案的优缺点。结合中国未来国际月球科研站的建设规划与美国以建立月球基地为目标的阿尔忒弥斯（Artemis）计划，评价分析了适宜开展月球水冰资源综合开发的地区和可行的技术方案，为中国在月球两极地区的水冰资源开发利用方案提供参考。Abstract: As an important resource on the moon, water ice is the basis for the construction and operation of the international lunar research station and lunar base in the future. The research on the comprehensive exploitation of the water ice resource in the lunar polar regions has also attracted the attention of the space powers in the world. The occurrence and distribution of lunar water ice are elaborately described based on a thorough survey of the exploration and research achievements of water ice in the lunar polar regions at home and abroad. The technical schemes of lunar water ice in excavation, extraction, separation and purification, transportation and storage, decomposition and utilization are introduced in detail, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are briefly reviewed. The excavation and extraction steps can be classified into two categories based on the distinct extraction sites of lunar water ice: in-situ extraction and remote extraction. According to the different heating methods, the techniques of direct heating by sunlight, drilling heating, and microwave heating are introduced. In the separation and purification steps, three technologies are introduced: low-temperature distillation and cold trap, adsorption purification, and membrane purification technology. For the steps of transporting and storing, the water tanks are classified based on their position, and the requirements for materials are given. In the decomposition and utilization steps of the water ice resource, three kinds of electrode composition technology are introduced, including alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, solid oxide electrolysis technology, and a photocatalytic decomposition technology using TiO2 as the catalyst is also presented. Combining the construction plans of the future international lunar research station in China and the Artemis program of the United States, which aims to establish a lunar base, the appropriate areas, and technical schemes for the comprehensive exploitation of the lunar water ice resource, is evaluated to provide important references for the exploitation and utilization of water ice in the lunar polar regions.
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图 1 月球冷阱中水冰与月壤可能的混合形式
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the possible mixing forms between lunar soil and water ice in the lunar cold trap
图 3 月球水冰资源综合开发技术的基本阶段和过程
Figure 3. Basic stage and process of lunar water ice comprehensive exploitation technology
图 4 加热开采（a）和加热钻取（b）提取水的结构
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of structures that heat mines (a) and drills (b) for water extraction
图 5 加热开采提取水冰技术
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of water ice extraction technology by heating mining
图 7 光热钻取设计方案（a）及工作原理（b）
Figure 7. Photothermal drilling design (a) and working principle (b)
图 10 水纯化和氢氧生产系统（IHOP）。WIPE为原位净化设备，HOPA为氢氧生产组装系统，IWP为离聚物膜水纯化
Figure 10. Lunar surface in-situ water purification and hydrogen and oxygen production system (IHOP). WIPE: In-situ purification equipment. HOPA: Assembly system for hydrogen and oxygen production. IWP: Ionomer-membrane Water Purification
图 11 月球极区水冰的低温蒸馏纯化过程
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the purification process of water ice from the lunar polar region by low temperature distillation
图 15 太阳光与光催化剂相互作用
Figure 15. Diagram of the interaction between sunlight and the photocatalyst
图 16 月球水冰综合开发生产框架平面布置
Figure 16. Layout of the comprehensive exploitation production frame for lunar water ice
图 17 月球水冰原位资源利用系统设计
Figure 17. Design of the in-situ resource utilization system for lunar water ice
图 18 阿尔忒弥斯 3号任务的13个预选着陆区
Figure 18. 13 pre-selected landing zones for the Artemis 3 mission
表 1 月球水冰开采提取方案对比
Table 1. Comparison of lunar water ice extraction schemes
方案参数 异地提取方案（挖掘式） 加热钻取技术（钻孔式） 加热开采技术（光照直接加热式） 质量/kg 40400 31900 29000 总功率/kW 2500 2500 2000 成本（Billion. dollars） 3.34 2.71 2.47 可用性/可维护性 中等 中–高 高 风险 低 中等 中等 
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表 2 不同组分在1 atm气压下的沸点
Table 2. Boiling points of different components at 1 atm pressure
组分 化学式 沸点 氦 He –268.9℃/4 K 氢气 H2 –252.9℃/20.3 K 氮气 N2 –195.8℃/77.4 K 一氧化碳 CO –191.5℃/81.6 K 氧气 O2 –183℃/90.2 K 甲烷 CH4 –161.5℃/111.7 K 乙烷 C2H4 –103.8℃/169.4 K 氯化氢 HCl –85℃/–188.2 K 硫化氢 H2S 59.6℃/213.6 K 氨气 NH3 –33.3℃/239.8 K 二氧化硫 SO2 –10℃/263.2 K 二氧化碳 CO2 >–56.6℃/>216.6 K* * 二氧化碳只有在压力大于5.2 bar 时才能保持液态。
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表 3 不同膜的类型及纯化效率
Table 3. Different types of membranes and purification efficiency
膜类型 分离机制 纯化率/(%) 纳米多孔材料（陶瓷、氧化物、有机聚合物） 粒径差异 <95 无孔有机聚合物 溶解度与扩散速率差异 >95 致密金属 吸附/解离 >99.99 离子迁移（致密陶瓷） 离子导电性 >99.99
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表 4 不同过程的储存技术
Table 4. Storage techniques of different processes
子系统 技术 描述和参考 运输水箱 特定尺寸（铝质，50%空位） 基于水容积估算 运输水箱移动平台 特定尺寸 基于载荷比1.5，所有电池和水箱均为载荷进行估算 电解水箱 特定尺寸 基于水容积估算 氢气和氧气储存 特定尺寸：薄壁铝（3 mm） 基于容积
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表 5 提取月球水冰的关键基准参数
Table 5. Key reference parameters for extracting lunar water ice
项目 基准参数值 水冰含量/(wt%) 5 O2产量要求/t 10 O2/H2实际产量/t 13/1.7 所需水量/t 15 所需月壤的质量/t（按75%的提取效率） 398 30 cm下水冰的覆盖面积/m2 1024 水冰的运输时间/d 10
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表 6 开展月球水冰资源综合开发技术研究的区域建议
Table 6. Proposal regions for conducting technical studies on comprehensive exploitation of lunar water ice
地点 特征 开采提取技术 技术条件与试验阶段 沙克尔顿撞击坑
（Shackleton crater）光照好、地势平缓
永久阴影区面积大
坑缘有永久光照区
预估水冰丰富异地提取 月球科研站/基地早期 霍沃思撞击坑
（Haworth crater）光照好
撞击坑深
百万吨水冰储量就地加热开采
或加热钻取月球科研站/基地早期 舒梅克撞击坑
（Shoemaker crater）撞击坑较深
地形相对复杂
水冰储量大就地加热开采
或加热钻取技术条件相对成熟 坎布斯撞击坑
（Cabeus crater）直径大
地形复杂
千万吨水冰储量就地加热开采
或加热钻取技术条件相对成熟 福斯蒂尼撞击坑
（Faustini crater）地形复杂
百万吨水冰储量就地加热开采
或加热钻取技术条件相对成熟
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表 7 可行性较高的水冰资源综合开发技术总结
Table 7. Summary of the feasible technology for comprehensive exploitation of lunar water ice
阶段 可行性较高的技术 备注 水冰开采提取 就地提取技术 加热开采或钻取 水的分离提纯 冷阱低温蒸馏和吸附纯化技术 选择合适的吸附剂 水的分解 电解技术 确保水足够纯净 水的储存运输 按需定制 满足各工作环节要求
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