地球磁场微波遥感探测方法研究进展
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.05.2023-0117 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.05.2023-0117
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王可昕 女, 1996年3月出生于河北省石家庄市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心博士研究生, 主要研究方向为微波遥感信息处理、定标及应用研究等. E-mail: wangkexin18@mails.ucas.ac.cn -
王振占 男, 1969年生, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为微波遥感定标、定量反演与应用技术. E-mail: wangzhenzhan@mirslab.cn
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Advances in the Study of the Methods for Detecting the Earth Magnetic Field from Passive Microwave Remote Sensing
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摘要: 地磁场是地球的重要物理场之一, 地磁学在地球与空间物理以及地质等领域具有极为重要的作用. 强便利性、低成本、广空间范围的磁场测量方法与高精度、多维度的地磁测量数据的获取, 是地磁学等领域科学与应用研究得以深入的重要依据. 为解决基于高精度磁强计的原位磁场测量方法在效率和探测范围等方面的局限, 遥感探测已经逐渐开始成为一个新的磁场探测研究领域. 本文基于微波辐射计遥感手段的地磁场遥感探测方法, 综合分析了地磁场微波遥感技术方法的基本原理、研究进展与应用现状, 并在此基础上讨论了其在探测能力等方面的需求、技术难点及未来的发展趋势, 进而对未来磁场遥感探测研究, 例如行星磁场遥感探测等提出了新的展望.Abstract: The geomagnetic field is a crucial physical field of the Earth, playing an essential role in various domains such as earth and space physics research, applied research in geology, and national strategic security. To facilitate profound scientific and applied investigations in geomagnetics and related fields, it is important to develop magnetic field measurement methods that are highly convenient, cost-effective, cover a wide spatial range with exceptional precision, and provide multi-dimensional geomagnetic data. In order to overcome the limitations of on-site magnetic field measurement methods based on high-precision magnetometers regarding efficiency and detection range, remote sensing detection has emerged as a promising new area for magnetic field detection. This paper comprehensively analyzes the fundamental principles, research progressions, and application status of microwave radiometer remote sensing technology for studying the geomagnetic field. Based on this analysis, discusses the requirements and technical challenges faced by this method along with future development trends aimed at enhancing its detection capabilities. Furthermore, it proposes new prospects for future research in magnetic field remote sensing detection including planetary magnetic field remote sensing.
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图 1 不同地磁场探测方法可探测的磁场海拔高度范围
Figure 1. Detected range of magnetic field elevation by different geomagnetic field detection methods
图 2 外加磁场时由于塞曼效应产生谱线分裂
Figure 2. Line splitting occurs due to Zeeman effect when magnetic field is applied
图 3 (a) Aura/MLS垂直极化接收器于2005年1月1日在82～92 km切高处118 GHz附近的氧气频谱, (b)参考IGRF-12地磁模型在相同轨迹得到的88 km高度处的地磁场强度
Figure 3. (a) O2 118 GHz spectra taken by the Aura MLS vertically polarized receiver at 82～92 km tangent height on 1 January 2005. (b) The background geomagnetic field strengths at the altitude of 88 km obtained from the IGRF-12 model following the same observational track
图 4 (a) MEM的四束极化测量, (b) 6U立方星的基本配置, (c) EZIE多卫星系统观测
Figure 4. (a) Four-beam polarization measurements from the MEM receiver, (b) configuration of 6U CubeSat, (c) EZIE multi-satellite system observation
图 6 典型跃迁频率氧气分子谱线分裂的相对强度关系
Figure 6. Typical transition frequency relative intensity relationship of oxygen molecular line splitting
图 7 61.15 GHz不同磁场强度下的谱线分裂
Figure 7. Line splitting at 61.15 GHz with different magnetic field intensities
表 1 地磁场探测方法的主要优缺点
Table 1. Main advantages and disadvantages of geomagnetic field detection methods
探测方法 具体方法 探测高度 优势 局限性 原位探测 地磁监测站 地表及低空(通常为几百米至数千米) 精度高, 可达10–1 nT量级 受探测器所处位置限制, 探测数据的空间范围有限, 数据整合处理困难 磁测卫星 卫星轨道高度附近 探测精度、探测效率高 难以补充卫星与航空磁测之间中高层大气区域的磁场数据空白 遥感探测 钠共振荧光雷达
Radar REMPI技术90 km左右
依赖大气Xe存在区域精度可达 1 nT左右[15], 遥感手段不受探测器位置限制 系统复杂、应用性不高; 无法实现快速的全球连续观测 
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表 2 中高层氧分子探测相关卫星任务及探测仪比较
Table 2. Comparison of satellite missions and detector for middle and upper level oxygen molecule detection
卫星任务 国家 (计划)发射
时间探测仪器 氧分子探测
频段/GHz观测几何 反演精度
估计/nT磁场相关应用方向 Aura 美 2004 Microwave Limb Sounder, MLS 118 临边 ― 极区电激流影响的磁场
扰动SIMILES-2 日 ― SIMILES-2 771～777 临边 30 地磁场反演、近电离层高度磁场扰动测量 EZIE 美 2025 Microwave Electrojet Magnetogram, MEM 118 天底 45 中高层大气高度的磁场
扰动
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表 3 氧分子典型跃迁频率的谱线参数
Table 3. Spectral line parameters of typical transition frequencies of oxygen molecules
跃迁量子数 跃迁频率/GHz 谱线强度/
(J–1·cm–2·s–1·sr–1)塞曼分裂系数/
(Hz·nT–1)地磁场范围内的最大
分裂宽度/MHz谱线塞曼分裂
总条数J, N = 9, 9←10, 9 61.15 1.35×10–25 25.22 0.63～1.64 57 J, N =1, 1←0, 1 118.75 1.00×10–25 14.01 0.35～0.91 3 J, N =2, 3←2, 1 424.76 2.43×10–25 46.70 1.17～3.04 12 J, N =3, 3←2, 1 487.25 1.04×10–25 25.69 0.64～1.67 15 J, N =4, 5←4, 3 773.84 3.96×10–25 50.44 1.26～3.28 24
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