临近空间天文台发展现状与展望
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.06.2023-0145 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2023-0145
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李一健 男, 1998年9月出生于江西省吉安市, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院博士研究生, 飞行器设计与控制专业. E-mail: lyjiantx2018@163.com -
黄宛宁 男, 1980年5月出生于河南省南阳市, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院高级工程师, 硕士生导师, 主要研究方向为临近空间浮空器科学探测, 多浮空器组网通信、空间信息网络等. E-mail: hwn@aoe.ac.cn
作者简介:
Development Status and Prospects of Near Space Observatories
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摘要: 临近空间天文台是一种特殊的天文台, 其选址于临近空间, 主要依托于高空科学气球浮空器平台. 中美等国家在20世纪大力推动高空科学气球技术发展, 形成了完整和成熟的科学气球系统, 进而促进了临近空间天文台的发展. 目前基于高空科学气球的临近空间天文台发展已经进入实用阶段, 在具体技术的研究上, 已从基础性应用技术向多用途、多功能的平台结构, 高可靠性、高稳定性和高精度控制等方面发展. 制约临近空间天文台发展的关键技术正在不断取得进展: 长航时飞行技术通过超压气球的实现得到突破, 高精度稳定指向技术由通过WASP系统的实现得到突破. 基于高空科学气球的临近空间天文台能够作为空间科学天文观测先进仪器的前期验证平台, 有效提升天基天文台任务的成功率.Abstract: Unlike ground-based observatories and space-based observatories, the Near Space Balloon Observatory is a unique type of observatory located in near space, mainly relying on high-altitude scientific balloon platforms. Throughout the last century, countries such as China and the United States have invested significant effort in promoting the development of high-altitude scientific balloon technology, resulting in the establishment of a comprehensive and advanced scientific balloon system, facilitating a wide range of balloon-borne scientific activities, which have facilitated the maturity of near-space observatories. It has the advantages and potential of low distribution and usage costs, short preparation cycles, large payload capacity, recyclability for multiple uses, and more flight opportunities. The development of near space observatories, utilizing high-altitude scientific balloons, has now entered the practical stage. In terms of specific technical research, the focus has shifted from basic application technology to the development of multi-purpose, multifunctional platform structures with high reliability, stability, and precision control. With the ongoing advancements in two key technologies, namely long endurance flight and high-precision pointing, the potential of near-space balloon observatories is being increasingly explored. As early validation platforms for advanced instruments and innovative ideas in space science and astronomy observations, it can effectively enhance the success rate of space-based observatory observation tasks and accelerate the development lifecycle of space-based observatories. As a platform for nurturing space science talents, it can also cultivate more leading experts and strengthen the research team. This article takes the opening of China’s fifth Antarctic Station, the Qinling Station, as an opportunity to suggest timely conducting high-altitude scientific balloon flight tests at the Qinling Station in Antarctica, further promoting the astronomical observation of Antarctica by China’s near space observatory, and contributing greater strength.
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图 3 飞行前Stratoscope I (a), Stratoscope II (b)
Figure 3. Stratoscope I (a), Stratoscope II (b) before flight
图 5 南极气球天文计划部分项目
Figure 5. Partial projects of the antarctic balloon astronomy program
图 6 德国日出SUNRISE计划(a)和日本风神FUJIN计划(b)
Figure 6. German SUNRISE Plan (a) and Japanese FUJIN Plan (b)
图 7 一期工程建立的静态发放系统和气球发放场景
Figure 7. Static distribution system and balloon distribution scenario established in the first phase of the project
图 8 搭载HAPI-4球载硬X射线望远镜吊舱
Figure 8. Equipped with HAPI-4 ball mounted hard X-ray telescope gondola
图 9 国家天文台临近空间天文台地面测试(a)和发放升空前(b)
Figure 9. National observatory near space observatory ground test (a) and release before lift off (b)
图 13 基于106 m3重载气球临近空间天文台概念
Figure 13. Concept of near space observatory based on 106 m3 heavy-duty balloon
图 16 美国NASA超压气球(a)和中国超压气球(b)
Figure 16. NASA superpressure balloon (a) and China superpressure balloon (b)
图 17 Nott的超压气球. (a)展开不稳定, (b)移除4幅球膜接近稳定
Figure 17. Nott’s overpressure balloon. (a) unfolds unstable, (b) removes 4 spherical membranes and approaches stability
图 18 NASA地面球体充气实验性展开不稳定
Figure 18. NASA ground sphere inflation experiments show unstable deployment
图 19 日出任务结构与实物
Figure 19. Schematic diagram and physical diagram of the SUNRISE task structure
图 24 起飞前的X-Calibur (a), BITSE集成后地面测试(b), 飞行前的PICTURE-C (c)
Figure 24. X-Calibur before takeoff (a), ground testing after BITSE integration (b), PICTURE-C before flight (c)
图 26 衍生到航天设备中的部分气球仪器项目
Figure 26. Partial balloon instrument projects derived from aerospace equipment
表 1 南极气球天文计划 (非粒子天体物理)
Table 1. Antarctic balloon astronomy program (non particle astrophysics)
课题 主要计划和关注领域 大爆炸宇宙学 ARCADE宇宙/天体物理和扩散辐射绝对辐射计: 全新厘米波精密差分辐射计
EREX E/B模实验
NCT 核康普顿望远镜
BLAST球载大孔径亚毫米波望远镜
SPIDER宇宙再电离时代偏振仪
BETTII 红外干涉双望远镜
CoFE-T 背景前景探测
HALO 高空透镜观测台(暗能量)
BOOMERanG 毫米波段气候观天计划X射线和 γ 射线源 DoGONE 多普勒敏感核γ探测
GRAPR γ 射线偏振仪实验
X-Calibur 硬X射线偏振飞行任务系外行星和宇宙生物学 BEST 球载系外行星光谱望远镜
ICarbS行星离子碳谱仪
Planet Scope 行星望远镜
Zidiac 系外星尘盘探测
STO平流层太赫兹天文台
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表 2 南极气球天文计划 (粒子天体物理)
Table 2. Antarctic balloon astronomy program (particle astrophysics)
课题 主要计划和关注领域 宇宙线起源和加速 ATIC宇宙先进薄型离子量能器
CREAM 宇宙线能量和质量探测器: 穿越辐射探测器和钨闪烁光纤测能量
CREST 宇宙线电子同步辐射望远镜: 测高能电子地磁场同步γ辐射
Super-TIGER 超级超铁银河元素记录仪: 闪烁/硅阵列粒子谱仪中微子天文 ANITA 南极暂现脉冲天线 暗物质和反物质 BESS Polar 气球超导磁谱仪实验: 测量宇宙线中的低能反质子
ATIC 先进薄型离子量能器
GAPS 通用总反物质谱仪: 寻找反氘核和中微子湮灭通道
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表 3 从气球飞行的仪器中衍生的航天器仪器部分案例
Table 3. Partial examples of spacecraft instruments derived from balloon flying instruments
序号 航天器仪器 衍生于气球项目 1 康普顿 γ 射线天文台的仪器 美国NASA气球飞行仪器设备 2 宇宙微波背景探测器COBE卫星/威尔金森观测卫星WMAP 宇宙微波背景辐射探测BOOMERANG 3 鲁万–拉马蒂高能太阳光谱成像仪RHESSI探测器 由气球携带的开发仪器改进 4 高级宇宙定位探测器ACE的宇宙射线同位素光谱仪 首次演示在气球飞行中进行 5 地球观测系统EOS: Aura卫星仪器 可以追溯到气球飞行仪器设备 6 火星挥发物和气候勘测器MVACS 可以追溯到气球飞行仪器设备 7 火星极地着陆器上的热和进化气体分析仪TEGA 可以追溯到气球飞行仪器设备 8 国际空间站项目: 阿尔法磁谱仪AMS 气球实验: 超导磁谱仪实验BESS Polar 9 中国暗物质探测卫星DAMPE 气球实验: 先进薄型离子量能器ATIC 10 国际空间站项目ISS-CREAM 气球宇宙线能量和质量探测器CREAM 11 国际空间站项目: 日冕诊断实验CODEX 日冕温度和电子速度气球研究BITSE 12 中国硬X射线调制望远镜卫星: 慧眼HXMT 中国高空科学气球HIPI-1～4 13 欧洲航天局的太阳轨道飞行器 日出SUNRISE气球飞行任务的IMaX仪器 14 国际空间站项目JEM-EUSO EUSO-Balloon 任务
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