旋转体制微波散射计性能仿真和热带气旋观测研究
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.02.2024-0165 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0165
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董字名 男, 2002年生于河北省廊坊市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心硕士研究生. 主要研究方向为星载微波散射计系统仿真. E-mail: dongziming24@mails.ucas.ac.cn -
徐星欧 女, 副研究员, 硕士生导师, IEEE高级会员(Senior Member). 2010年毕业于武汉大学遥感信息工程学院, 摄影测量与遥感专业, 获工学博士学位. 2008－2009年在英国爱丁堡大学地球科学学院, 2018－2019年在荷兰皇家气象局进行访问研究. 2011年至今, 在中国科学院国家空间科学中心微波室工作, 从事微波散射计海面风场观测研究和应用十余年, 现致力于降水和高风速条件下高精度风场的观测机理、反演模型研究及应用. E-mail: xuxingou@nssc.ac.cn
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Simulation of Rotating System Microwave Scatterometer Performance and Observation of Tropical Cyclone
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摘要: 高风速风场, 特别是热带气旋风场的散射计观测长期备受关注. 本研究针对我国业务化运行的两种散射计——旋转扇形波束体制散射计和旋转笔形波束体制散射计, 通过系统仿真方法分析其在不同风速条件下的后向散射系数测量精度和风场反演性能, 并评估其对热带气旋的观测能力. 参考现有在轨运行散射计参数得到的实验结果表明, 旋转扇形波束体制散射计各观测视数能够取得更多独立观测样本数, 在20 m·s–1以上高风速风场的后向散射系数测量和风场反演仿真中性能表现更佳. 而旋转笔形波束体制散射计各观测视数拥有更大的归一化信噪比, 在低于20 m·s–1的低风速和中等风速风场观测仿真中性能表现更佳. 研究揭示了两种散射计体制在不同风速区间的性能特点, 对高风速风场反演及热带气旋观测有重要参考意义, 同时, 结论也为后续不同体制散射计设计和信号处理算法改进研究奠定了基础.Abstract: The observation of high speed wind fields, especially tropical cyclone wind fields, has long been an important research subject in scatterometer remote sensing. In this study, we analyzed the backscattering coefficient measurement accuracies and wind retrieval performances of the two scatterometer systems that have been operational in China: the rotating fan-beam system and the rotating pencil-beam system by simulation methods. Simulations at varying wind speed wind fields and tropical cyclone wind fields observations are conducted for both systems. Simulation results obtained with reference to the parameters of existing operational scatterometers show that the rotating fan-beam system demonstrates superior sampling capacity compared to the rotating pencil-beam system, with the vast majority of its observation views gaining a greater number of independent observation samples than 1000, whereas the rotating pencil-beam system has mainly 100～400 independent observation samples for each observation view only. This sampling advantage enables the rotating fan-beam system to achieve better performance in backscattering coefficient measurement and wind field retrieval in the simulations for wind fields with high wind speeds above 20 m·s–1. At the same time, the normalized SNR of each observation view is higher for the rotating pencil-beam system, which is about 300～600 per observation view, compared to 6～14 for the rotating fan-beam system. This SNR superiority enables the rotating pencil-beam system to maintain a more precise observation for wind fields with low and medium wind speeds below 20 m·s–1 in the simulation. This study reveals the performance characteristics of backscattering coefficient measurement and wind field retrieval of different scatterometer systems under various wind speed conditions, which is of reference significance for high speed wind fields retrieval and tropical cyclone wind fields observation. Meanwhile, the conclusions of this study also lay a foundation for subsequent research on the improvement of scatterometer wind field observation accuracy and optimization of signal processing algorithms for different scatterometer systems.
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图 2 参考风场风速与仿真测量风场风速分布情况. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 2. Distribution of reference wind speed and the measured wind speed in simulation. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 3 独立观测样本数和归一化信噪比分布情况. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 3. Independent observation samples and normalized SNR distribution. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 4 风速分为别为4, 18, 30 m·s–1时不同位置风单元的Kpc分布情况. (a)旋转扇形波束体制, (b)旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 4. Kpc distribution of WVCs at different locations for wind speeds of 4, 18, and 30 m·s–1. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 5 $ {K}_{\text{p}\text{c}} $随后向散射系数$ {\mathrm{\sigma }}^{0} $的变化情况. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 5. Variation of $ {K}_{\text{p}\text{c}} $ value with backscattering coefficient. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 6 不同风速条件下风速RMSE随风单元位置的变化. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 6. Variation of wind speed RMSE with WVC position under different wind speed conditions. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 7 不同风速条件下风向RMSE随风单元位置的变化. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 7. Variation of wind direction RMSE with WVC position under different wind speed conditions. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 8 散射计观测台风“卡努”的仿真结果. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 8. Simulation results of Typhoon Khanun by two system. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 9 台风“卡努”观测仿真结果的误差分布情况. (a) 旋转扇形波束体制, (b) 旋转笔形波束体制
Figure 9. Error distribution of the simulation results of Typhoon Khanun by two system. (a) Rotating fan-beam system, (b) rotating pencil-beam system
图 10 两种不同体制散射计风速观测情况
Figure 10. Wind speed observations for two different scatterometer systems
表 1 散射计系统参数
Table 1. Scatterometer system parameters
参数 旋转扇形波束体制 旋转笔形波束体制 脉冲载频/GHz 13.256 13.256 脉冲时宽/ms 1.3 1.5 脉冲重复频率/Hz 150 185 接收带宽/MHz 0.5 1.0 发射功率/W 120 120 天线峰值增益/dB 32 39 天线转速/(r·min–1) 3.4 16.7 系统损耗/dB 1.0 1.0 噪声系数/dB 6.0 5.0 VV极化波束
观测俯仰角/(º)25～44 41 HH极化波束
观测俯仰角/(º)25～44 35 轨道高度/km 520 970 
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表 2 独立观测样本数和归一化信噪比统计特性
Table 2. Independent observation samples ($ {N}_{{\mathrm{sample}}} $) and normalized SNR ($ R_{\mathbf{S}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{R}'} $) statistics
散射计体制 $ {\mathit{N}}_{\mathbf{s}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{p}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{e}} $均值 $ {\mathit{N}}_{\mathbf{s}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{p}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{e}} $标准差 $ R_{\mathbf{S}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{R}'} $均值 $ R_{\mathbf{S}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{R}'} $标准差 旋转扇形波束体制 1292.7 401.2 9.4 2.9 旋转笔形波束体制 232.7 110.6 429.4 121.1
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表 3 不同散射计体制下第K风场解被选为最优解的占比统计
Table 3. Percentage distribution of the K-th ranked wind solution selected as optimal under different scatterometer systems
散射计体制 K 4 m·s–1 18 m·s–1 30 m·s–1 旋转扇形波束体制 1 47.8 89.9 92.3 2 31.2 9.2 6.3 3 16.4 0.6 0.9 4 4.4 0.1 0.3 旋转笔形波束体制 1 60.5 62.5 52.0 2 25.9 28.3 31.0 3 10.1 6.2 11.3 4 3.4 2.9 5.5 注 最优解为最接近真实风场的解.
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