电卡制冷技术研究现状与空间应用展望
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.02.2025-0005 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0005
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常启泰 男, 1999年3月出生于吉林省榆树市, 现为桂林电子科技大学机械工程专业在读研究生, 主要研究方向为电卡制冷实验研究. E-mail: 2992884521@qq.com -
陈雪 女, 1988年10月出生于广西壮族自治区桂林市, 现为桂林电子科技大学机电工程学院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为微重力流体物理、多相流界面效应与传热传质研究等. E-mail: chenxue@guet.edu.cn
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Research Progress of Electrocaloric Cooling Technology and Prospect for Space Applications
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摘要: 电卡制冷技术是一种新型的固态制冷技术, 利用电卡材料在加电和去电过程的熵变实现制冷循环, 具有高能效、轻量化、无制冷剂泄漏特点, 在航天冷藏箱、空间可穿戴设备等领域具有巨大的应用前景. 目前, 空间热电制冷技术存在电耗大、制冷系数低等问题, 限制了该技术未来在航天工程中的应用. 本文从电卡材料性能、电卡冷热分离方法及电卡制冷器件三方面进行回顾和分析, 介绍了电卡组分、形态、制备工艺、可靠性和稳定性方面的研究进展, 总结了电卡制冷原理以及主动式和被动式的冷热分离方法, 归纳了往复单级和往复多级电卡器件的工作原理. 最后, 展望了电卡制冷技术未来在空间科学领域的发展方向.Abstract: Electric card refrigeration technology is a new type of solid-state refrigeration technology that utilizes the entropy change of electrocaloric materials during the process of charging and discharging to achieve a refrigeration cycle. It has the characteristics of high energy efficiency, light weight, and no refrigerant leakage, so that it has great application prospects in fields such as aerospace refrigerators and space wearable devices. Until now, space thermoelectric cooling technology has many problems such as high-power consumption and low Coefficient of Performance (COP), which limit its application in future aerospace engineering. This article reviews and analyzes the material properties, cold and hot separation methods, and electrocaloric refrigeration devices. It introduces the research progress in the electrocaloric composition, morphology, preparation process, feasibility, and stability, summarizes the electrocaloric refrigeration principle, as well as cold and hot separation methods of active and passive ways, and summarizes the working principles of reciprocating single-stage and reciprocating cascade electrocaloric refrigeration devices. Finally, the future development direction of electrocaloric cooling technology in the field of space science was discussed.
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图 2 电卡材料可靠性和稳定性. (a) 300万次循环后机械性能, (b) 100万次循环后制冷特性
Figure 2. Reliability and stability of electrocaloric materials. (a) Mechanical properties after 3 million cycles, (b) cooling characteristics after 1 million cycles
图 4 主动式冷热分离方法. (a)分离原理, (b)分离器件
Figure 4. Active cold and hot separation method. (a) Schematic diagram of separation, (b) separation device
图 5 被动式冷热分离方法. (a)分离原理, (b)分离器件
Figure 5. Passive cold and hot separation method. (a) Schematic diagram separation, (b) separation device
图 6 往复单级制冷器件. (a)自驱动柔性制冷器件, (b)点阵式制冷器件, (c)柔性可穿戴制冷器件
Figure 6. Reciprocating unipolar refrigeration device. (a) Self-actuating flexible refrigeration device, (b) arrayrefrigeration electronic card device, (c) flexible wearable refrigeration device
图 7 往复多级无回热制冷器件. (a)自驱动热泵式器件, (b)静电驱动多级联器件, (c)基于流体换热的电卡制冷管, (d)分段式柔性电卡制冷管
Figure 7. Reciprocating cascade non-regenerative refrigeration device. (a) Self-actuating heat pump device, (b) electrostatic-driven cascade devices, (c) microfluidic-based heat exchange tube, (d) multi-stage flexible tube
图 8 往复多级回热制冷器件. (a)高分子材料主动回热制冷器件, (b) PST多层电容制冷器件, (c) PMN-100xPT制冷器件, (d) PST多层平板式制冷器件, (e) PMN-8 PT制冷器件, (f)双回路主动回热制冷器件
Figure 8. Reciprocating cascade regenerative refrigeration device. (a) Polymer material active regenerative refrigeration device, (b) PST-based multi-layer device, (c) PMN-100xPT device, (d) PST-based cascade flat device, (e) PMN-8 PT-based device, (f) double-circuit active regenerative device
表 1 不同组分电卡材料的组成、形态、测试条件及其性能参数
Table 1. Composition, configuration, testing conditions, and property parameters of different types of electrocaloric materials
材料 形态 测试
温度T/K温变
ΔT/K电场强度E/
(kV·cm–1)电热强度(ΔT/
ΔE)/(K·cm·kV–1)熵变ΔS/
(J·kg–1·K–1)无机
材料PMN-30 PT[10] 块体 418 2.6 90 0.289 － (Pb0.97La0.02)(Zr0.80Sn0.14Ti0.06)O3[15] 块体 323 –14.1 110 0.128 –13.5 Pb 0.8 Ba0.2ZrO3[11] 薄膜 290 45 598 0.075 46.9 PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3[17] 薄膜 495 12 480 0.025 8 Ba(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3−Ba(Sn0.11 Ti0.89)O3[16] 厚膜 298 5.2 330 0.016 6.9 BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3[25] 厚膜 － –7 195 0.036 –17.16 PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3[18] MLC 330 –6.1 290 0.021 –53 有机
材料P(VDF-TrFE) 68%/32%[12] 厚膜 306 20 160 0.125 95 P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)
59.2%/33.6%/7.2%[26]厚膜 303 14.8 150 0.987 95 复合
材料P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/PBZ 97%/3%[14] 薄膜 243 13.99 150 0.093 52.7 P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/PMN-PT[27] 薄膜 303 31 180 0.171 － 
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