X-ray Transmission Characteristics Based on Numerical Model of Upper Atmosphere
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摘要: 核爆炸的大部分能量是以X射线形式释放的，研究X射线辐射特性对于天基核爆事件监测，当量反演都具有一定参考价值。根据核爆炸X射线能谱特性，构建了黑体辐射模型；根据NRLMSIS大气模型成分数据和高度密度数据，构建大气分层数值模型，并结合NIST数据库，构建分层大气质量吸收系数模型，提高了大气模型与大气质量吸收系数模型准确度。使用数值模拟程序对X射线在大气中的传输特性进行研究，模拟在临近空间高度核爆炸产生的X射线经过大气吸收后的能谱特性以及不同海拔高度点位的能注量。结果表明，在检测点高度恒定的情况下，斜径角变小会增大X射线传输路径，X射线经过的大气吸收路径越长，能谱峰值越往高能处偏移。在相同高度下，爆炸点的正上方处能注量最大，其他位置随着斜径角减小能注量呈指数级衰减。Abstract: Most of the energy of a nuclear explosion is released in the form of X-ray. It is important to understand the characteristics of the X-ray radiation for the monitoring of space-based nuclear explosion events and the calculation of explosion yield. In this paper, the blackbody radiation model is constructed based on the X-ray energy spectrum characteristics of nuclear explosion, and a stratified atmospheric numerical model is constructed based on the NRLMSIS atmospheric model composition data and height density data. The stratified atmospheric mass absorption coefficient model is combined with the NIST database to improve the accuracy of the atmospheric model and the atmospheric mass absorption coefficient model. The transmission characteristics of X-ray in the atmosphere are studied using the code, and the energy spectral characteristics of X-ray generated by nuclear explosions at near-space altitude were simulated, after atmospheric absorption and assuming the energy injection at different altitude points. The results show that the height of the detection point is constant, the smaller the slant angle the larger the ray transmission path, i.e., the longer the atmospheric absorption path that the ray passes through, and thus the more the peak of the energy spectrum will shift to the higher energy. At the same height, the energy fluence is the largest directly above the explosion point, and the energy fluence at other positions decays exponentially as the angle decreases.
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Key words:
- Atmospheric numerical model /
- X-ray /
- Atmospheric absorption /
- Energy spectrum /
- Energy injection
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图 3 大气中各成分质量分数与海拔高度关系
Figure 3. Relationship between ingredient mass fraction and altitude
图 4 光子能量与元素质量吸收系数关系
Figure 4. Relationship between photon energy and element mass attenuation coefficient
图 5 大气质量吸收系数与高度和光子能量关系
Figure 5. Relationship between photon energy, altitude and element mass attenuation coefficient
图 7 不同爆高在Hs高度处的能谱
Figure 7. Energy spectra of different explosion heights at Hs height
图 8 海拔1000 km等高面上能注量分布
Figure 8. Energy fluence distribution on the 1000 km contour surface
表 1 爆炸当量与等效黑体温度对照
Table 1. Explosion equivalent versus equivalent black body temperature
当量 / kt 1 10 100 1000 等效黑体温度 / keV 1 2 5 8 
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表 2 未经大气吸收后的能注量数值 (单位 keV·cm–2)
Table 2. Energy fluence value without atmospheric absorption (Unit keV·cm–2)
高度 / km 斜径角 / (o) 90 120 150 180 600 1.89×1011 1.37×1012 3.42×1012 4.44×1012 1000 1.08×1011 5.25×1011 1.20×1012 1.53×1012 10000 6.36×109 9.70 ×109 1.31×1010 1.45 ×1010 20000 2.21×109 2.83 ×109 3.39 ×109 3.62 ×109
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表 3 经过大气吸收后的能注量数值 (单位 keV·cm–2)
Table 3. Energy fluence value after atmospheric absorption (Unit keV·cm–2)
高度 / km 斜径角 / (o) 90 120 150 180 600 2.22 7.88×107 1.08×109 2.09×109 1000 1.27 3.02×107 3.77×108 7.22×108 10000 0.07 5.57×105 4.11×106 6.84×106 20000 0.03 1.63×105 1.07×106 1.70×106
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