Development of a Low-power Ionosonde in Yinchuan and Analysis of Preliminary Test Results
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摘要: 研制了一台低功耗电离层垂测仪，该系统采用新型Delta天线、可变接收时长和类巴克码脉冲编码设计，安装在宁夏银川地震监测试验场。2021年8月开展了全天连续观测试验，观测获得的科学数据验证了垂测仪的探测能力和探测效率。试验结果表明：F2层临界频率日变化与银川地区太阳高度角日变化趋势存在一定的正相关性；采用图像处理技术实现了原始频高图中O/X波自动分离，获得两极化波临界频率之差约为0.7 MHz，与银川当地0.5倍磁旋频率0.7 MHz基本一致。该电离层垂测仪系统运行稳定，试验数据可靠，对后续星地联合多维度探测和信号处理具有一定的算法参考和数据积累意义。Abstract: A low-power ionosonde is developed, with a pair of new kind Delta antenna and barker-liked coding technique. A varied sampling duration is utilized in the receiving windows to improve the test efficiency. The ionosonde is built in Yinchuan Earthquake Monitoring Test Site, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. The continuous observation test was carried out for a whole day in August 2021. The preliminary test result shows that the diurnal variation of the critical frequency of the F2 layer has a positive correlation as of the solar elevation angle in Yinchuan area. An image processing technique is employed for the automatic separation of the O/X waves in the original ionograms. The difference between the critical frequencies of the two polarized waves is about 0.7 MHz, which is basically consistent with the local 0.5 times magnetic spin frequency of Yinchuan, which is 0.7 MHz also. The operation of the ionosonde is stable, and the obtained data are reliable, which provides a valuable algorithm reference and data accumulation significance for the subsequent in-depth processing of satellite-ground joint multi-dimensional data.
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Key words:
- Ionosonde /
- Barker codes /
- Image processing /
- O/X wave separation /
- Critical frequency
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图 5 （a）滤波与门限判别前相关波形对，（b）滤波与门限判别后相关波形对
Figure 5. Comparison of the correlation waveforms before (a) and after (b) the median filtering and the threshold recognition
图 6 日间午后与夜间频高图比对。（a）日间午后频高图，（b）夜间频高图
Figure 6. Comparison of the ionograms in daytime and nighttime. (a) The daytime ionogram, (b) the nighttime ionogram
图 7 2021年8月19日不同时刻记录的银川地区日间频高
Figure 7. Ionogram in Yinchuan area recorded at different time on 19 August 2021
图 8 连续分量标记法处理前后对比。（a）膨胀处理后原始频高，（b）筛选出的F层描迹
Figure 8. Comparison of ionograms before and after continuous component labeling. (a) Ionogram after expansion treatment, (b) F-layer trace screened out
图 9 O/X波分离 （a）频高图骨架，（b）O波描迹，（c）X波描迹
Figure 9. O / X wave separation. (a) Ionogram skeleton diagram, (b) O-wave trace, (c) X-wave trace
图 10 经插值处理的图像（黄色垂线与x轴交点为O波临界频率，绿色垂线与x轴交点为X波临界频率）
Figure 10. Interpolated image（the intersection of yellow vertical line and x axis is the critical frequency of O wave, and the intersection of green vertical line and x axis is the critical frequency of X wave）
表 1 垂测仪主要系统参数
Table 1. Main parameters of the ionosonde
指标名称 设计参数 探测频率/MHz 1~30 探测高度/km 70~600 步进频率间隔/kHz 25 脉冲持续宽度/µs 400 发射峰值功率/W 400 接收机带宽/kHz 100 高度分辨率/km 1.5 A/D采样率/MHz 40 A/D采样位数/bit 12 脉冲编码方式 类Barker码 天线形式 Delta天线 
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表 2 Delta天线主要参数
Table 2. Main parameters of the Delta antenna
天线相关指标 本项目设计参数 W/m 50 H/m 36 α/(°) 26 β/(°) 54 匹配负载/Ω 600 发射功率/W 约400
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表 3 三种不同编码方式性能比对
Table 3. Performance comparison of the three coding methods
码型 PSL/dB LSL/dB NS/dB 脉宽/μs 探测周期 高度分辨率/km 13位巴克码 –11.14 –0.35 5.57 30 T 4.5 16位互补码 –5.06 ― 6.02 25 2 T 3.75 40位类巴克码 –11.25 0.97 8 10 T 1.5
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表 4 日间O波临界频率与太阳高度角对比
Table 4. Comparison between the critical frequency of O-wave and the solar altitude angle in daytime
时间(LT) 10:06 11:31 12:56 13:08 14:32 15:30 16:24 17:15 O波临界频率/MHz 5.7 6.2 7.0 7.2 6.5 5.6 5.2 5.0 太阳高度角/(°) 50 61 75 75 70 60 48 37
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