火星原位建造材料研究进展与展望
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.03.2023-0137 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.03.2023-0137
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程杉杉 女, 2001年10月出生于湖北省咸宁市, 现为华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院硕士生, 主要研究方向为月面原位建造材料体系. E-mail: ss_cheng1005@163.com -
周诚 男, 1982年9月出生于安徽省安庆市, 现为华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为地外建造. E-mail: charleschou@163.com
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Research and Prospect of In-situ Construction Materials on Mars
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摘要: 火星风化层作为一种重要的原位自然资源, 在火星基础设施建设上具有重要作用. 基于与地球上不同的火星极端环境与火壤特殊性质, 系统研究了火星原位建造材料的物理特征与机械性质, 重点分析了火壤类混凝土材料(具体包括含硫混凝土、聚合物混凝土、地聚物混凝土与水凝胶基混凝土)、火壤熔融与烧结原位固化材料两个方面的最新研究进展. 尽管目前火星原位建造材料的研究已取得一定成果, 但仍面临诸如聚合物混凝土原位制备困难、熔融与烧结过程能耗较大, 以及在火星环境下建造材料服役性能不足等局限问题. 根据火星原位建造材料在未来的发展方向, 研究结果旨在积极推进对火星原位建造材料的深入研究, 为实现火星原位建造提供借鉴与参考.Abstract: Martian regolith has gradually become a consensus as an important in-situ natural resource for building habitats and infrastructure on Mars. As more and more research focusing on in-situ utilization of Martian regolith, this article provides a comprehensive review of construction materials based on Martian regolith. However, it is necessary to consider the vastly different environmental conditions on Mars compared to Earth, such as low gravity, near vacuum, large temperature differences, cosmic ray radiation and so on. Similarly, due to the unique chemical composition, particle size, porosity, as well as thermal and mechanical properties of Martian regolith, it also brings several certain difficulties for in-situ production of construction materials on Mars. As a result, based on the extreme environment of Mars and the special properties of Martian regolith, this article provides a detailed overview of the preparation process and physical and mechanical characteristics of in-situ construction materials. Then, the research progress in two aspects of various Martian regolith-based concrete materials (including sulfur concrete, polymer concrete, geopolymer concrete, hydrogel-based concrete), Martian regolith-based melting and sintering materials is further emphasized. Moreover, this article systematically compares the preparation conditions and in-situ utilization rates of each construction material and analyzes both the advantages and weakness of their preparation processes in the special Martian environment. Finally, the problems and limitations of the above-mentioned materials in Martian in-situ construction are pointed out, including difficulties in production of polymer concrete, high energy consumption during melting and sintering processes, and insufficient service performance of construction materials in Martian environments. Accordingly, in order to provide useful references for the realization of in-situ construction on Mars in the future, the development direction of construction materials has been proposed in three aspects, which are the improved methods of anhydrous concrete represented by polymer concrete, optimization of melting and sintering processes and development of new materials suitably adapted to the environment.
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Key words:
- Martian regolith /
- In-situ resources /
- Concrete /
- Melting /
- Sintering
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图 1 MGS-1风化层模拟物的特性. (a)显微镜下图像与MGS-1的矿物组成, (b)研磨后的MGS-1粉末的粒度分布
Figure 1. Properties of MGS-1 regolith simulant. (a) Microscopic photographs with the composition of MGS-1, (b) particle size distribution of MGS-1
图 4 聚合物含量和添加纤维对地聚合物混凝土性能的影响. (a) 聚合物含量对环氧聚合物混凝土抗压强度和抗弯强度的影响, (b)断裂韧性和抗拉强度由于在不同树脂含量中添加纤维引起的变化, 以及树脂含量变化引起的最佳纤维含量变化趋势
Figure 4. Effect of polymer content and added fiber on properties of geopolymer concrete. (a) Effect of polymer content on the compressive and flexural strength of epoxy polymer concretes, (b) changes in fracture toughness and tensile strength due to the addition of fibers to the resin content, and trends in optimal fiber content due to changes in resin content
图 5 减少地聚合物混凝土制备用水量的两种措施. (a)制备地质聚合物的样品和假设的水循环装置工艺流程, (b)地质聚合物的流动性的小型坍落度测量
Figure 5. Two measures to reduce water consumption in preparation of geopolymer concrete. (a) Process flow chart for the preparation of a geopolymer sample and a hypothetical water-recycling device, (b) mini slump measurements of the flowability of the geopolymers
图 6 HBC的机械性能测试. (a)立方体的典型压应力与应变曲线, (b)(c)立方体的破坏模式. 以天然砂(NS)为基础的HBC的应力应变曲线: (d)风干固化, (e)冷冻固化, (f)冷冻干燥固化. 以陶瓷(CB)为基础的HBC的应力应变曲线: (g)风干固化, (h)冷冻固化, (i)冷冻干燥固化
Figure 6. Mechanical properties test of HBC. (a) Typical compressive stress vs. strain curves of the cube, (b)(c) failure mode of the cube. Compressive stress vs. strain curve of Natural Sand (NS)-based HBC: (d) Air Drying (AD)-cured, (e) Freezing (F)-cured, (f) Freeze-Drying (FD)-cured. Compressive stress vs. strain curve of the Ceramic Bead (CB)-based HBC: (g) Air Drying (AD)-cured, (h) Freezing (F)-cured, (i) Freeze-Drying (FD)-cured
图 11 使用具有不同浓度的NaOH溶液在不同加工温度下生产的冷烧结MGS-10风化层压坯的冷破碎强度
Figure 11. Cold crushing strength of cold sintered MGS-10 regolith samples produced at different processing temperatures with different concentrations of NaOH solution
表 1 地球、月球和火星之间的差异
Table 1. Differences between Earth, Moon and Mars
参数 地球 月球 火星 质量/kg 5.9×1024 7.2×1022 6.4×1023 直径/km 12742 3474 6779 表面积/km2 5.11×108 37.9×106 144.8×106 表面重力/(m·s–2) 9.81 1.62 3.71 地震能量/(J·a–1) 10171018 1010～1014 — 大气压/kPa 101.3 3×10–13 0.7 主要组成 N2, O2 — CO2, Ar 表面极端温度/℃ –89.2～56.9 –195～120 –143～35 昼夜周期/h 23.9 656 24.7 轨道周期/d 365.3 29.5 687 年平均辐射/mSv 2.4 380 100 与地球的距离/km — 384.4×103 54.6×106 
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表 2 制备以火壤为原料的不同建材的比较
Table 2. Comparison of different building materials prepared based on Mars regolith
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