变重力下低温液氮界面流动及温度分布
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.05.2023-0111 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.05.2023-0111
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章敏 男, 1987年5月出生于安徽省枞阳县, 现为中国科学院力学研究所博士后, 主要研究方向为空间低温流体管理、液态金属气雾化制备金属粉末过程研究等. E-mail: zhangm_nuaa@163.com
作者简介:
Research on Interfacial Flow and Thermal Stratification of Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen in Variable Gravity
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摘要: 为了研究残余重力加速度g对液氮贮箱自加压期间贮箱内流体的流动、相分布、温度分布以及压强分布的影响, 针对液氮贮箱, 采用流体体积(Volume-of-Fluid, VOF)方法数值模拟了不同g条件下液氮贮箱的自加压过程. 研究结果表明: 在大g情况下, 贮箱内压强沿g的方向逐渐增大, 贮箱内气枕的温度随贮箱壁面的持续漏热而不断升高, 且靠近壁面区域气体的温度最高, 靠近液体区域气体的温度最低; 随着g的减小, 贮箱内的液体更容易沿贮箱壁面爬升, 贮箱内流体温度差异性逐渐减小; 在小g情况下, 贮箱内流体流动稳定后会将气枕包裹于贮箱中部, 形成球形气泡, 贮箱内流体温度的差异性随时间先逐渐增大然后逐渐减小. 在零重力环境下, 贮箱壁面漏热(qw = 0.5 W·m–2)存在与否对贮箱内流体运动和相分布的影响均不显著, 并且在起始一段时间间隔$\Delta t_{\mathrm{f}} $ (0 ≤ $\Delta t_{\mathrm{f}} $ ≤ 40 s)内, 除贮箱壁面附近之外, qw存在与否对贮箱内流体温度分布的影响也不显著.Abstract: In order to study the effects of residual gravitational acceleration g on the flow, phase distribution, temperature distribution, and pressure distribution of liquid nitrogen tank during self-pressurization, the self-pressurization process of liquid nitrogen tank under different g was numerically simulated by the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method. The results show that under the condition of large g, the fluid pressure in the tank increases gradually along the direction of residual gravity, and the temperature of the ullage in the tank increases with the continuous heat leakage of the tank wall, and the gas temperature near the wall is the highest, and the gas temperature near the liquid is the lowest, while the temperature in the liquid bulk zone of the tank changes little with time. With the decrease of g, the liquid in the tank is more likely to climb along the wall of the tank with better infiltration, and the temperature difference of the fluid in the tank is gradually reduced. In the case of small g, after the fluid flow in the tank is stable, the ullage will be wrapped in the middle of the tank, forming a spherical bubble. The difference of the fluid temperature in the tank gradually increases and then decreases with time. In zero gravity environment, the presence or absence of heat leakage (qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2) on the tank wall has no significant influence on the fluid movement and phase distribution in the tank, and within the initial time interval $\Delta t_{\mathrm{f}} $ (0 ≤ $\Delta t_{\mathrm{f}} $ ≤ 40 s), the influence of the presence or absence of qw on the temperature distribution of the fluid in the tank also is not significant except near the wall of the tank. Numerical simulation results are expected to provide references to further study the on-orbit pressure control technique of cryogenic liquid tanks and space cryogenic fluid management.
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图 1 低温流体贮箱横截面几何模型
Figure 1. Diagram of cross-section geometry model for the cryogenic fluid tank
图 3 低温流体贮箱网格划分及边界条件
Figure 3. Meshing and boundary conditions of the cryogenic liquid tank
图 2 低温流体贮箱中气相和液相的初始分布
Figure 2. Initial distribution of gas and liquid phases in the cryogenic liquid tank
图 4 自加压过程中NASA常温流体PnP贮箱内气枕压强仿真值与实验数据的对比
Figure 4. Comparison between simulated results and experimental results of ullage pressure in NASA’s normal temperature fluid PnP tank during self-pressurization
图 5 自加压过程中NASA常温流体PnP贮箱内位于加热带附近液体区温度仿真值与实验数据的对比
Figure 5. Comparison between simulated results and experimental results of temperature of the liquid zone near the heating zone in NASA’s normal temperature fluid PnP tank during self-pressurization
图 6 零重力下qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2时贮箱内气液相交界面形状的演化过程
Figure 6. Evolution of gas-liquid interface shape in the tank with zero gravity and qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2
图 7 零重力下qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体温度分布的演化过程
Figure 7. Evolution of fluid temperature distribution in the tank with zero gravity and qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2
图 8 零重力下qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强分布的演化过程
Figure 8. Evolution of fluid pressure distribution in the tank with zero gravity and qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2
图 9 零重力下qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强随时间和轴向位置的变化情况
Figure 9. Variations of fluid pressure in the tank with time and axial position at zero gravity and qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2
图 10 零重力下qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强随轴向位置的变化情况(t = 33.16 s)
Figure 10. Variation of fluid pressure in the tank with the axial position at zero gravity and qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2 (t = 33.16 s)
图 11 零重力下qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体温度随时间和轴向位置的变化情况
Figure 11. Variations of fluid temperature in the tank with time and axial position at zero gravity and qw = 0.5 W⋅m–2
图 12 qw = 1 W⋅m–2时贮箱内气液相交界面形状的演化过程
Figure 12. Evolution of gas-liquid interface shape in the tank with qw = 1 W⋅m–2
图 13 qw = 1 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体温度分布的演化过程
Figure 13. Evolution of fluid temperature distribution in the tank with qw = 1 W⋅m–2
图 14 qw = 1 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强分布的演化过程
Figure 14. Evolution of fluid pressure distribution in the tank with qw = 1 W⋅m–2
图 15 qw = 1 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强随时间和轴向位置的变化情况
Figure 15. Variations of fluid pressure in the tank with time and axial position at qw = 1 W⋅m–2
图 16 qw = 1 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强随轴向位置的变化情况(t = 25 s)
Figure 16. Variation of fluid pressure in the tank with the axial position at qw = 1 W⋅m–2 (t = 25 s)
图 17 qw = 1 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体温度随时间和轴向位置的变化情况
Figure 17. Variations of fluid temperature in the tank with time and axial position at qw = 1 W⋅m–2
图 18 零重力下qw = 0 W⋅m–2时贮箱内气液相交界面形状的演化过程
Figure 18. Evolution of gas-liquid interface shape in the tank with zero gravity and qw = 0 W⋅m–2
图 19 零重力下qw = 0 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体温度随时间和轴向位置的变化情况
Figure 19. Variations of fluid temperature in the tank with time and axial position at zero gravity and qw = 0 W⋅m–2
图 20 零重力下qw = 0 W⋅m–2时贮箱内流体压强随时间和轴向位置的变化情况
Figure 20. Variations of fluid pressure in the tank with time and axial position at zero gravity and qw = 0 W⋅m–2
表 1 液氮在1 atm下的饱和物性参数
Table 1. Saturated physical property parameters of liquid nitrogen under 1 atm
Working fluid Density
/(kg⋅m–3)Saturation temperature
/KThermal conductivity
/(W⋅m–1⋅K–1)Specific heat at constant pressure
/(kJ⋅kg–1⋅K–1)Latent heat of vaporization
/(kJ⋅kg–1)Dynamic viscosity
(×10–5)/(Pa⋅s)Surface
tension
(×10–3)/(N⋅m–1)Contact angle
/(°)Liquid nitrogen 806.08 77.35 0.1462 2.042 199.2 16.065 8.87 7 N2 1.138 77.35 0.0242 1.041 － 1.663 － － 
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表 2 NASA常温流体PnP贮箱自增压仿真的初边值条件
Table 2. Initial boundary conditions for the self-pressurization simulation of NASA’s normal-temperature fluid PnP tank
Variable Physical significance Experimental value p0 / Pa Initial pressure of normal-temperature fluid PnP 120859 Tg,0 / K Initial temperature of the ullage 307 Tl,0 / K Initial temperature of normal-temperature fluid PnP 307 f0 /(%) Initial volume filling ratio of normal-temperature fluid PnP 80.82 g0 /(m⋅s–2) Residual gravitational acceleration 5×10–6 qh /(W⋅m–2) Average heat leakage density of tank wall in the heating zone 0.5 qw /(W⋅m–2) Average heat leakage density of tank wall out of the heating zone 0
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表 3 不同g条件下低温流体液氮贮箱自加压仿真的边值条件
Table 3. Boundary conditions for the self-pressurization simulation of cryogenic fluid tank for liquid nitrogen under different g conditions
Operating condition C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 g/(m·s–2) 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0 qw/(W·m–2) 1 1 1 1 1 1
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