Impact Crater Databaseof 10 Apollo and Chang'e Landing Regions: Deep Learning Driven Construction and Distribution Patterns of Over 350000 Craters with
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摘要: 撞击坑是解读太阳系天体轨道演化和类地行星表面年龄的关键要素,而月球是对撞击坑保存最完整的内太阳系天体。撞击作用是改造无大气天体最重要的地质过程之一,拥有就位探测数据和返回样品的月球着陆区是认识撞击事件和改造效应重要研究对象。现有月球撞击坑数据库对直径小于100米的小尺度撞击坑覆盖不足,而小撞击坑对月壤的形成和演化具有重要影响。本文构建了覆盖6个阿波罗任务与4个嫦娥任务共10个着陆区的直径大于15米的撞击坑数据库。本文首先提出YOLO11+SAHI融合模型,集成跨阶段核优化模块(C3K2)增强边缘特征提取,使用空间金字塔快速池化模块(SPFF)解决尺度敏感性,通过并行空间注意力模块(C2PSA)抑制复杂地形误检,并结合切片辅助超推理(SAHI)策略提升小目标识别能力。最终模型在测试集上实现了平均精确率0.985、召回率0.94和F1-score 0.962的表现,该模型显著提升小尺度撞击坑检测鲁棒性。基于LROC NAC高分辨率影像,利用该模型对10个着陆区直径20Í20 km范围内的撞击坑进行自动提取,经过人工校验,建成含357,764条记录的撞击坑数据库。根据撞击坑密度分布和尺寸-频率分布特征,揭示二次撞击坑对小尺寸撞击坑分布具有重要影响。相较已有研究,数据库完整性完整区间撞击坑数量占比显著提高。本研究所建数据库为关于撞击坑的人工智能模型提供了重要研究数据,同时能够为月球着陆区地质年代标定、撞击通量演化、月表地质演化、返回样品研究等提供重要支撑。
Abstract: Impact craters are key elements in interpreting the orbital evolution of solar system bodies and the surface age of terrestrial planets, and the Moon is the best-preserved inner solar system body in terms of impact craters. Impact processes are one of the most important geological processes in reshaping airless bodies, and lunar landing sites with in-situ detection data and returned samples are important research objects for understanding impact events and their reshaping effects. Existing lunar crater databases lack sufficient coverage of small-scale craters with diameters less than 100 meters, yet these small craters play a significant role in the formation and evolution of lunar regolith. This study constructs a database of craters with diameters greater than 15 meters across 10 landing sites from six Apollo missions and four Chang'e missions. This paper first proposes the YOLO11+SAHI fusion model, which integrates the cross-stage kernel optimization module (C3K2) to enhance edge feature extraction, uses the spatial pyramid fast pooling module (SPFF) to address scale sensitivity, employs the parallel spatial attention module (C2PSA) to suppress false positives in complex terrain, and combines the slice-assisted super-inference (SAHI) strategy to enhance small target recognition capabilities. The final model achieved an average precision of 0.985, a recall rate of 0.94, and an F1-score of 0.962 on the test set, significantly improving the robustness of small-scale impact crater detection. Based on LROC NAC high-resolution imagery, the model was used to automatically extract craters within a 2,020 km diameter range of 10 landing sites. After manual verification, a crater database containing 357,764 records was established. Based on crater density distribution and size-frequency distribution characteristics, it was revealed that secondary craters have a significant impact on the distribution of small-sized craters. Compared to previous studies, the database has significantly improved the completeness of the database and the proportion of craters within the complete range. The database established in this study provides important research data for artificial intelligence models related to craters, and can also provide important support for lunar landing site geological age calibration, impact flux evolution, lunar surface geological evolution, and returned sample research.
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Key words:
- Impact craters /
- Moon /
- Landing sites /
- Datasets /
- YOLO11
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