毅力号火星车矿物探测与样品采集进展(2021－2024年)
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.02.2024-0119 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0119
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黄文博 男, 2004年2月出生于山东省青岛市, 现为山东大学澳国立联合理学院本科生, 主要研究方向为行星光谱学, 研究领域包括火星表面物质成分反演研究, 火星次生矿物及蚀变过程研究. E-mail: 2080466358@qq.com -
辛艳青 男, 1984年2月出生于山东省潍坊市, 现为山东大学空间科学与技术学院实验师, 硕士生导师, 研究方向为行星光谱学, 研究领域为行星表面物质及演化, 物质分析方法研究. E-mail: yqxin@sdu.edu.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Progress in Mineral Exploration and Sample Collection by Perseverance Rover on Mars (2021－2024)
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摘要: 美国NASA毅力号 (Perseverance) 火星车于2021年2月18日在杰泽罗 (Jezero) 撞击坑 (18.4°N, 77.7°E) 成功着陆, 目前已运行近4年, 取得了丰富的科学发现和研究成果. 毅力号搭载的四台光谱载荷 (SuperCam, Mastcam-Z, SHERLOC, PIXL) 为探测杰泽罗撞击坑表面物质成分和潜在的生命遗迹提供了丰富的数据, 有助于深入认识火星的物质成分、岩石成因及区域地质演化历史等. 本文系统综述了毅力号的科学探测进展, 重点介绍了其搭载的光谱载荷及在杰泽罗撞击坑内四个科学探索阶段 (包括撞击坑坑底、沉积扇边缘、沉积扇上部和撞击坑边缘) 的矿物探测进展, 并分析了毅力号火星车采集的不同类型样品组成特征及其潜在的科学价值. 研究结果可为中国天问三号火星探测和采样返回任务提供重要的科学参考.Abstract: NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover successfully landed in Jezero crater (18.4°N, 77.7°E) on 18 February 2021, and has been operating for nearly four years (2021－2024). To achieve these goals, Perseverance is equipped with four spectrometric payloads: SuperCam, Mastcam-Z, Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) and Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL), allowing for detailed elemental and mineral analyses of surface materials. Comprehensive analyses have been conducted across several key geological units within Jezero crater, including the crater floor, delta front, upper fan, and margin unit. Each area’s unique mineral compositions have been documented, revealing important information on Mars’ geological and environmental evolution. The results indicate that Jezero crater region has undergone multiple aqueous alteration processes, leaving mineral evidence of historical water activity. These findings suggest that the region, especially the west delta, was once exposed to prolonged aqueous environments, potentially providing insights into Mars’ paleoclimate, water salinity and possible habitability. Using its Sampling and Caching Subsystem (SCS), Perseverance has collected 21 rock core samples from various geological units, including igneous rocks from the crater floor and sedimentary rocks from the delta. These samples will undergo detailed analyses on Earth, expected to yield valuable insights into Mars’ magmatic evolution, sedimentary history, water-rock interactions, geological development, and potential biosignatures. In summary, the comprehensive data collected by Perseverance has expanded our understanding of Mars, particularly Jezero crater, and provides a foundational reference for future Mars exploration and sample return missions, including China’s Tianwen-3 mission.
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Key words:
- Mars /
- Perseverance rover /
- Jezero crater /
- Mineral /
- Martian sample
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图 1 火星表面含水矿物的全球分布. 五角星为已有火星着陆点位置
Figure 1. Global distribution of the aqueous minerals on Mars with existing landing sites marked by pentagons
图 2 杰泽罗撞击坑的形貌与单元分类. (a) 高程图, 典型地质单元被标记, 白框代表 (b) 中的沉积扇单元; (b) 西部沉积扇单元的地质状况; (c) CRISM绘制的矿物分布
Figure 2. Topography and unit classification of Jezero crater. (a) Elevation map with typical geological units marked, the white box represents the delta shown in (b); (b) geological map of the delta (west); (c) mineral distribution map derived from CRISM
图 3 毅力号火星车及相关科学载荷. (a) 毅力号主体和机智号, (b) 毅力号机械臂和钻磨坑
Figure 3. Perseverance rover and associated scientific payloads. (a) Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter, (b) Perseverance’s robotic arm and abraded patch
图 4 毅力号火星车的标准研究方案及取样和钻磨路径
Figure 4. Standardized observation protocol and sampling sol path of Perseverance rover
图 5 毅力号行驶路线. 橙色、绿色、蓝色、紫色点代表不同探索阶段毅力号的工作区位置
Figure 5. Perseverance rover’s traverse path, with orange, green, blue, and purple dots representing the workspaces during different scientific campaigns
图 6 撞击坑坑底探索阶段. (a) 毅力号在撞击坑坑底的行进路线, 橙色点代表工作区位置; (b) Máaz, Séítah和Artuby Ridge的地层截面; (c) SuperCam探测结果绘制的元素组成变化趋势
Figure 6. Crater floor campaign. (a) Perseverance rover’s traverse path on the crater floor, with orange dots representing workspace locations; (b) stratigraphic cross-section of Máaz, Séítah, and Artuby Ridge; (c) elemental composition trends from SuperCam detection results
图 7 Séítah单元的钻磨坑的PIXL探测结果. (a) Dourbes钻磨坑及PIXL扫描区域; (b) 矿物分类三元图, 标注了主要 (星形) 和次要 (六边形) 矿物端元. 其中绿色为衍射点, 黑色为非衍射点; (c) 矿物分布
Figure 7. PIXL detection results of abraded patch in Séítah. (a) Dourbes and PIXL scan area; (b) ternary diagram of mineral classification, with primary (star) and secondary (hexagon) mineral end-members marked, and green and black points indicate diffraction and non-diffraction, respectively; (c) mineral distribution
图 8 Máaz或Séítah单元的钻磨坑和岩石表面的可见近红外和拉曼光谱. (a) 钻磨坑的可见近红外光谱, (b) 标准矿物的可见近红外光谱, (c) Bellegarde钻磨坑中识别到的高氯酸钠拉曼光谱
Figure 8. Visible-near infrared and Raman spectra of abraded patches and rock surfaces in Máaz or Séítah. (a) Visible-near infrared spectrum of abraded patches, (b) visible-near infrared spectrum of standard minerals, (c) Raman spectrum of Na-perchlorate identified in Bellegarde
图 9 毅力号在沉积扇边缘的行进路线. 绿色点代表工作区位置
Figure 9. Perseverance rover’s traverse path on the delta front. Green dots represent the workspace locations
图 10 沉积扇边缘的钻磨坑 (红色) 和采样位置 (蓝色)
Figure 10. Abraded patches (red) and sampling locations (blue) on the delta front
图 11 Yori Pass的钻磨坑 (Uganik Island). (a) 浅色矿脉, 白色箭头标注; (b) 等粒胶结物, 蓝色箭头标注; (c) 内碎屑; (d) 鱼形的层状斑块, 绿色箭头标注; (e) 两个硫酸钙脉, 红色箭头指向第一代矿脉, 虚线白色箭头指向二期改造矿脉
Figure 11. Abraded patch at Yori Pass (Uganik Island). (a) Light-colored vein, marked by a white arrow; (b) equigranular cement, marked by a blue arrow; (c) intraclasts identified; (d) fish-shaped laminated patch, marked by a green arrow; (e) two Ca-sulfate veins, with the red arrow pointing to the first-generation of cement and the dashed white arrow pointing to the second generation of vein-filling cement
图 12 毅力号在沉积扇上部的行进路线. 蓝色点代表工作区位置
Figure 12. Perseverance rover’s traverse path in the upper fan, with blue dots representing the workspace locations
图 13 沉积扇上部的钻磨坑 (红色) 和采样位置 (蓝色)
Figure 13. Abraded patches (red) and sampling locations (blue) on the upper fan
图 14 沉积扇边缘 (第一行) 和沉积扇上部 (第二行) 钻磨坑的多光谱图. (a)～(c) 在Hawksbill Gap; (d)～(e) 在Cape Nukshak; (f)～(j) 分别在Tenby, Echo Creek, Powell Peak, Dream Lake 和 Willow Park
Figure 14. Multispectral images of abraded patches at the delta front (first row) and the upper fan (second row). (a)～(c) at Hawksbill Gap; (d)～(e) at Cape Nukshak; (f)～(j) at Tenby, Echo Creek, Powell Peak, Dream Lake, and Willow Park, respectively
图 15 毅力号在撞击坑边缘的行进路线. 紫色点代表工作区位置
Figure 15. Perseverance rover’s traverse path on the margin unit. Purple dots represent the workspace locations
表 1 毅力号火星车的光谱载荷与样品收集载荷
Table 1. Spectrometric and sample collection payloads of Perseverance rover
载荷类型 载荷名称 主要技术应用 主要技术指标 光谱/图像分辨率 远程探测光谱仪 超级相机 (SuperCam)[36,37] 激光诱导击穿光谱 (LIBS) 激发源: Nd-YAG
激光波长: 1064 nm
激光能量: >24 mJ
光斑直径: 250～450 μm
光谱范围: 244～853 nm
探测距离: 2～7 m0.12 nm@244～342
0.12 nm@382～468
0.35 nm/11 cm–1
@535～620
<0.65 nm@620～712
<0.75 nm@712～853时间分辨拉曼和时间分辨荧光光谱 (TRR, TRL) 激发源: Nd-YAG
激光波长: 532 nm
激光能量: >9 mJ
光谱范围: 150～4400 cm–1
探测距离: 2～7 m<12 cm–1 可见近红外反射光谱仪 (VISIR) 可见光: 透射和蓝紫色光谱仪
光谱范围: 0.39～0.85 μm
探测距离: 2 m～∞0.15～0.65 nm 近红外: 声光可调滤光光谱仪
光谱范围: 1.3～2.6 μm
探测距离: 2 m～∞<32 cm–1 远程显微成像仪 (RMI) 红/绿/蓝图像
探测距离: 2 m～∞<80 μrad 桅杆变焦相机 (Mastcam-Z)[38] 多光谱立体成像 宽带红/绿/蓝图像
窄带可见–近红外图像
光谱范围: 400～1000 nm
探测距离: 0.5 m～∞宽带: 283 µrad
窄带: 67.4 µrad近程探测
光谱仪扫描适居环境的
拉曼和荧光有机物
与化学物质仪 (SHERLOC)[39,40]拉曼光谱仪和荧光
光谱仪 (Raman, Fluorescence)激发源: 深紫外氖–铜激光
激光波长: 248.6 nm
激光能量: >14 μJ
光斑直径: 110 μm
拉曼光谱范围:
800～4000 cm–1
荧光光谱范围: 275～354 nm
探测距离: 48 mm<0.269 nm 自动对焦环境成像仪 (ACI) 探测距离: 48 mm 10.1 μm·pixel–1 用于操作和工程的广角地形传感器 (WATSON) 探测距离: 17.8 mm～∞ 13.1 μm·pixel–1 X射线行星岩石
分析仪 (PIXL)[41]X射线荧光
光谱 (XRF)激发源: 铑阳极X射线
激发能量: 28 keV
X射线束斑直径: 120 μm
探测距离: 30 mm160 eV FWHM@5.9 keV 微观环境相机 (MCC) 探测距离: 25.5 mm 70 µm·pixel–1 样品收集
载荷样品采集与储存
系统 (SCS)[42]机械臂 长度: 2.2 m 转台 质量: 40.1 kg
直径: 75 cm钻头 直径: 13 mm
长度: 70 mm
冲击频率: 23～40 Hz自适应储存组件 (ACA) 容纳样本管数: 43 
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表 2 毅力号采集的样品总览
Table 2. Overview of samples collected by Perseverance rover
序号 日期 火星日 样品名称 采集位置 当前位置 样品类型 样品长度/cm 岩石类型 1 2021–08–06 164 Roubion Séítah北部 Three Forks 大气 － － 2 2021–09–06 194 Montdenier Artuby Ridge Three Forks 岩芯 3.63 火成岩 3 2021–09–08 196 Montagnac Artuby Ridge 毅力号 岩芯 3.72 火成岩 4 2021–11–15 262 Salette Séítah南部 毅力号 岩芯 3.81 火成岩 5 2021–11–24 271 Coulettes Séítah南部 Three Forks 岩芯 2.00 火成岩 6 2021–12–22 298 Robine Séítah南部 毅力号 岩芯 3.69 火成岩 7 2022–01–31 337 Malay Séítah南部 Three Forks 岩芯 1.86 火成岩 8 2022–03–07 371 Ha'ahóni Octavia E. Butler 毅力号 岩芯 3.94 火成岩 9 2022–03–13 377 Atsá Octavia E. Butler Three Forks 岩芯 3.64 火成岩 10 2022–07–07 490 Swift Run 沉积扇边缘 毅力号 岩芯 4.06 沉积岩 11 2022–07–12 495 Skyland 沉积扇边缘 Three Forks 岩芯 3.55 沉积岩 12 2022–07–27 509 Hazeltop 沉积扇边缘 毅力号 岩芯 3.62 沉积岩 13 2022–08–03 516 Bearwallow 沉积扇边缘 Three Forks 岩芯 3.78 沉积岩 14 2022–10–02 575 Shuyak 沉积扇边缘 毅力号 岩芯 3.36 沉积岩 15 2022–11–16 619 Mageik 沉积扇边缘 Three Forks 岩芯 4.46 沉积岩 16 2022–11–29 631 Kukaklek 沉积扇边缘 毅力号 岩芯 3.01 沉积岩 17 2022–12–02 634 Atmo Mountain 沉积扇边缘 毅力号 风化层 3.21 沉积岩和火成岩 18 2022–12–07 639 Crosswind Lake 沉积扇边缘 Three Forks 风化层 3.21 沉积岩和火成岩 19 2023–03–30 749 Melyn 沉积扇上部 毅力号 岩芯 3.66 沉积岩 20 2023–06–23 832 Otis Peak 沉积扇上部 毅力号 岩芯 3.50 沉积岩 21 2023–09–15 913 Pilot Mountain 沉积扇上部 毅力号 岩芯 3.64 沉积岩 22 2023–09–25 923 Pelican Point 撞击坑边缘 毅力号 岩芯 3.70 沉积岩 23 2023–10–21 949 Lefroy Bay 撞击坑边缘 毅力号 岩芯 2.85 沉积岩 24 2024–03–12 1088 Comet Geyser 撞击坑边缘 毅力号 岩芯 3.50 二氧化硅胶结碳酸盐 注 第一个样品库位于Three Forks (沉积扇边缘, 见图9). 毅力号共携带43个样品管, 其中38个用来收集样品 (岩芯、风化层、 大气), 5个用来监测样品的污染状态.
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