星地激光通信研究现状与前沿技术
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.02.2024-0148 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0148
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赵云 男, 1996年2月出生于吉林省通化市, 现为长光卫星技术股份有限公司光学工程师, 主要研究方向为波前探测、折衍光学系统设计等. E-mail: 15754309307@163.com -
陈茂胜 男, 1985年9月出生于江苏省盐城市, 现为长光卫星技术股份有限公司研究员, 主要研究方向为光学遥感卫星总体设计等. E-mail: chenms0911@aliyun.com
作者简介:
Research Progress and Fronts in Satellite-to-ground Laser Communication
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摘要: 激光通信技术突破了传统微波通信的带宽限制, 成为实现高速率、大容量星地通信的重要手段, 特别适用于海量空间科学数据的传输. 星地激光通信技术在空间科学中具有广泛的应用前景, 是实现空间科学数据高效、快速传输的关键技术之一. 本文系统梳理了国内外星地激光通信的系统组成及实验成果, 详细介绍了实现稳定可靠通信的关键技术, 例如捕获跟踪瞄准、星上激光器技术等. 针对大气湍流对激光信道的影响, 分析了自适应光学等有效的抑制方法, 并汇总了基于新型结构光场的激光通信技术发展现状. 结合空间科学对数据传输的需求, 对星地激光通信的研究现状进行了总结, 并展望了未来的发展方向, 强调了其在空间科学和深空探测中的重要应用潜力.Abstract: With the increasing amount of data generated by scientific research such as remote sensing satellite imaging and deep space exploration, conventional microwave communications are unable to meet the current transmission needs of high-speed and large-capacity satellite-to-ground communications due to limitations in bandwidth and related technologies. Laser communication technology breaks through the bandwidth limitations and becomes an important means of satellite-to-ground communications, especially suitable for the transmission of massive space science data. The system composition and experimental results of satellite-to-ground laser communications at home and abroad systematically are sorted out, including communication wavelength, communication rate, modulation method, wavefront correction technology. The key technologies for achieving stable and reliable communications, such as precise pointing, rapid acquisition, high-precision tracking, and onboard laser technology are introduced in detail. Given the impact of atmospheric turbulence on laser channels, effective suppression methods such as adaptive optics are analyzed. The development status of laser communication technology based on new structured light fields including vortex beam, vector beam, and optical pin beam is summarized. Finally, combined with the demand of space science for data transmission, the research progress of satellite-to-ground laser communications is summarized and future development direction is prospected, emphasizing its important application potential in space science and deep space exploration.
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图 9 扫描策略. (a)光栅扫描, (b)螺旋扫描, (c)复合扫描, (d)玫瑰形扫描, (e)李萨茹扫描
Figure 9. Scanning strategy. (a) Raster scanning, (b) spiral scanning, (c) raster-spiral scanning, (d) rosette scanning, (e) Lissajo scanning
图 10 恒定输出功率下激光二极管的失效形式
Figure 10. Failure modes of laser diodes under constant output power
图 14 涡旋光束通信. (a) 利用AO系统实现对OAM光的畸变补偿, (b) 通过多输入多输出技术抑制大气湍流的影响
Figure 14. OAM communication. (a) Using AO system to realize distortion compensation of OAM light, (b) using multiple-input multiple-output technology to suppress the impact of atmospheric turbulence
图 15 矢量光束通信. (a) 基于SPDPSK协议的矢量光通信实验, (b) 基于QPSK协议的矢量光通信实验
Figure 15. Vector beam communication. (a) Vector optical communication experiment based on SPDPSK protocol, (b) vector optical communication experiment based on QPSK protocol
图 16 锋芒光束通信. 锋芒光束与高斯光束传输后的远场图案
Figure 16. Optical pin beam communication. Far-field pattern after optical pin beam and Gaussian beam transmission
表 1 国内外典型的星地激光通信系统
Table 1. Typical satellite-to-ground laser communication systems at home and abroad
地区 年份 项目/卫星 通信架构 通信波长 调制方式 通信速率 校正技术 美国 1995 GOLD GEO-Ground ↑514.5 nm
↓830 nm↑PPM
↓PPM↑1.024 Mbit$ \cdot $s–1
↓1.024 Mbit$ \cdot $s–1↑空间分集 2014 OPALS GEO-Ground ↑976 nm
↓1550 nm↓OOK ↓50 Mbit$ \cdot $s–1 ↑空间分集
↓AO2021 LCRD LEO-GOE-Ground ↑1555/1565 nm
↓1545 nm↑DPSK
↓DPSK↑1.244 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1
↓1.244 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1↑空间分集
↓AO2022 TBIRD LEO-Ground ↑1534 nm
↓1550 nm↑PPM
↓DP-QPSK↑2 Kbit$ \cdot $s–1
↓2×100 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1↑空间分集
↓AO欧洲 2010 OPTEL-µ LEO-Ground ↑1064 nm
↓1550 nm↑PPM
↓OOK↓2.5 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1 — 2013 EDRS LEO-GOE-Ground ↓1064 nm ↓BPSK ↓1.8 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1 ↓AO 2016 OSIRISv1 LEO-Ground ↓1550 nm ↓OOK ↓39 Mbit$ \cdot $s–1 ↓AO 中国 2011 海洋二号 LEO-Ground ↓1550 nm ↓OOK ↓504 Mbit$ \cdot $s–1 — 2016 墨子号 LEO-Ground ↑1064 nm
↓1550 nm↑PPM
↓DPSK↑20 Mbit$ \cdot $s–1
↓5.12 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1— 2017 实践十三号 GEO-Ground ↓1550 nm ↓OOK ↓5 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1 — 2020 实践二十号 GEO-Ground ↓1550 nm ↓QPSK ↓10 Gbit$ \cdot $s–1 ↓AO 注 “↑”表示上行链路, 即从地面站到卫星; “↓”表示下行链路, 即从卫星到地面站. 
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表 2 星地激光通信链路的功率预算
Table 2. Power budget of satellite-to-ground laser communication link
项目 数值 备注 $ {P}_{\mathrm{t}} $/dBm 23 200 mW发射功率 $ {G}_{\mathrm{t}} $/dB 94 80 μrad发散角 $ {L}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B} $ –260 1300 km传输距离 $ {G}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B} $ 120 500 mm天线尺寸 光纤耦合
效率/dB–8.10 多模通信 通信接收灵
敏度/dBm–25.98 单模通信 –38 多模通信 –42 单模通信 链路余量/dB –2.8 多模通信 –16.68 单模通信
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