基于高性能纤维的空间结构与制造材料
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.02.2024-0154 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0154
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赵洋 男, 2002年4月出生于辽宁省辽阳市, 国防科技大学空天科学学院硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为陶瓷纤维与先驱体及其应用. E-mail: 861165623@qq.com -
韩成 男, 1991年7月出生于安徽省阜阳市, 现为国防科技大学空天科学学院副研究员, 硕士生导师, 主要研究方向为新型陶瓷纤维、先进复合材料等. E-mail: hancheng@nudt.edu.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
High Performance Fibers-based Space Structure and Manufacturing Materials
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摘要: 高性能纤维具有质量轻、强度高、化学稳定性好以及便于结构制造等显著特点, 在空间领域具有重要应用. 其在空间可展开结构中, 凭借低密度与高强度减轻了结构重量、提升了运载效率, 且兼具良好柔韧性与稳定性, 可保障结构在轨可靠运行; 在空间碎片防护结构中, 依靠优异的力学性能与抗冲击能力, 保障航天器在轨安全; 在柔性捕获网方面, 其高强度与韧性确保了捕获操作的可靠安全, 助力轨道资源维护. 随着月壤研究的深入, 其在月壤材料原位制造中展现出潜在应用价值. 结合嫦娥六号月壤最新研究成果, 探讨了月壤纤维制造技术和月球基地建造材料的发展方向. 深入研究高性能纤维在空间领域的应用, 将为空间结构设计制造提供新的思路和方法, 实现空间资源高效利用.Abstract: High performance fiber has the characteristics of light weight, high strength, good chemical stability, easy structure manufacturing, etc., and has important applications in space field. In the space deployable structure, it reduces the weight of the structure by virtue of low density and high strength, improves the carrying efficiency, and has good flexibility and stability to ensure the reliable operation of the structure in orbit. In the space debris protection structure, it relies on excellent mechanical properties and impact resistance to build a solid defense line for the spacecraft in orbit safety. In terms of flexible capture nets, high strength and toughness ensure reliable and safe capture operations and help maintain track resources. With the deepening of research on lunar soil, it shows potential application value in in-situ manufacturing of lunar soil materials. Based on the latest research results of Chang’E-6 lunar soil, the development direction of lunar soil fiber manufacturing technology and lunar base construction materials is discussed. Continuous and in-depth research on the application of high-performance fibers in the space field will provide new ideas and new methods for the design and manufacture of space structures, and open up new ways for the efficient utilization of space resources.
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Key words:
- Fibers /
- Lunar soil /
- Space materials /
- Spatial structure /
- In-situ manufacturing
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图 1 (a)嫦娥六号在月球展开的由玄武岩纤维制成的五星红旗, (b)玄武岩光学照片, (c)玄武岩纤维制备技术路线, (d)玄武岩纤维的微观结构
Figure 1. (a) Five-Starred Red Flag made by basalt fiber in Chang’E-6 mission, (b) photograph of basalt, (c) preparation of basalt fibers, (d) microstructure of basalt fibers
图 3 热响应型形状记忆聚合物基复合材料的纤维增强效应
Figure 3. Fiber reinforcement effects in thermally responsive shape memory polymer matrix composites
图 4 航天器空间碎片典型损伤. (a) STS-7任务期间微流星体在挑战者号航天飞机前窗表面留下的陨石坑, (b) 航天飞机奋进号散热器在STS-118期间表面损坏, (c) 哈勃空间望远镜太阳能阵列的穿透前视图, (d) SMM航天器体损伤
Figure 4. Typical spacecraft damages causing by space debris. (a) The crater left by a micrometeoroid on the surface of the front window of the Space Shuttle Challenger during the STS-7 mission, (b) Space Shuttle Endeavour radiator surface damage during STS-118, (c) penetrating front view of the Hubble Space Telescope solar array, (d) SMM (Solar Maximum Mission) spacecraft body damage
图 5 国际空间站采用的Nextel/Kevlar纤维填充式空间碎片防护结构
Figure 5. Nextel/Kevlar enhanced Whipple shield configurations on ISS
图 6 ROGER空间绳网捕获任务(a)与空间捕获系统工作过程(b)
Figure 6. ROGER with net capture mission (a), and space capture system working process (b)
图 7 嫦娥六号带回的代表性样本. (a) 从嫦娥六号采集的样品中筛选出的部分直径超过1 mm的岩石碎片, (b)～(e) 不同结构特征的玄武岩碎片, (f)(g) 角砾岩, (h) 黏结岩的背散射电子图像, (i)(j) 典型的玄武岩, (k) 黏结岩, (l) 浅色岩石碎片, (m)(n) 玻璃质材料的显微照片
Figure 7. Typical images of Chang’E-6 returned samples. (a) Fragments larger than 1 mm, (b)～(e) basaltic fragments with different structural characteristics, (f)(g) breccia, (h) binder rock backscatter images, (i)(j) typical basalts, (k) bonding rocks, (l) light-colored cuttings, (m)(n) glassy materials
图 9 利用月壤制备纤维并将所得材料用于月球基地建设的方案
Figure 9. Preparation of lunar soil fibers for the construction of lunar bases
表 1 常用高性能纤维性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison of common high performance fibers
材料类型 断裂强度/GPa 模量/GPa 断裂伸长率/(%) 线密度/(g·m–1) 使用温度/℃ 抗辐照性 PI 3.0～3.5 120～140 2 1.41 200～300 优良 PBO 58 180 3.5 1.54～1.56 300 一般 UHMw-PE 3.2 99 3.7 0.97 <80 优良 聚芳酯纤维 2.6～3.0 72～85 2～5 1.41 250 一般 碳纤维 3～7.0 230～600 1～2 1.76～1.82 600 优良 玄武岩纤维 3～4.84 91～110 2～3.2 2.65～3.05 700 优良 Kevlar29 2.76 63 4 1.44 250 弱 Kevlar49 3.5 124 2.4 1.44 250 弱 芳纶Ⅲ 4.2～5.0 130～155 3.2～4.1 1.43～1.45 270 弱 
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