微重力下冷凝及传热研究进展
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0028 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0028
-
郭帅 男, 现为东南大学能源与环境学院博士研究生, 主要研究方向为常/微重力环境下液滴动力学及冷凝传热研究. E-mail: Shuai_Guo@seu.edu.cn -
陈振乾 男, 现为东南大学能源与环境学院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为常/微重力环境下流体传热及强化技术、系统热控技术. E-mail: zqchen@seu.edu.cn
作者简介:
Review of Progress in Condensation and Heat Transfer Research in Microgravity
-
摘要: 综述微重力下膜/滴状冷凝的研究进展, 揭示两相流传热机理及重力影响规律. 对于管内冷凝, 可采用重力无关准则数(Bond数与Froude数等)判断重力是否影响传热, 通过增加蒸汽质量流速和减小管径减弱重力影响, 分析微重力冷凝下传热关联式以指导工程设计. 对于滴状冷凝, 在微重力环境下可通过提高蒸汽流速、使用功能性表面结合气流吹扫去除冷凝液滴, 实现持续滴状冷凝. 当前微重力冷凝实验研究的发展因缺少长期连续微重力环境而受到限制, 需借助中国空间站和国际空间站开展长时间冷凝传热实验, 以弥补可重复实验数据的不足, 探索重力作用机制, 为空间两相换热系统提供理论支撑.Abstract: This review systematically summarizes recent advances in filmwise and dropwise condensation under microgravity, elucidating two-phase heat transfer mechanisms and gravitational influence patterns. For condensing heat transfer in tubes, gravity-independent criterion numbers (Bond number, Froude number, etc.) are used to determine whether gravity affects heat transfer, and the effect of gravity can be attenuated by increasing the mass flow rate of the vapor and reducing the tube diameter. In microgravity environments, dropwise condensation can be achieved through vapor flow acceleration combined with functional surfaces and air-blowing techniques for condensate removal. Current experimental studies on microgravity condensation remain limited due to challenges in obtaining sustained microgravity conditions. The paper emphasizes the necessity of conducting long-term condensation experiments utilizing orbital platforms like the China Space Station and International Space Station to address data reproducibility issues, investigate gravity-dependent mechanisms, and provide theoretical foundations for space two-phase thermal management systems.
-
Key words:
- Microgravity /
- Space station /
- Film condensation /
- Droplet condensation /
- Enhanced condensation
-
图 1 水平管道内冷凝两相流流型分布[8]
Figure 1. Flow pattern distribution of two-phase condensation flow in horizontal pipe
图 2 不同重力条件下管内流型变化[9]
Figure 2. Change of flow pattern in pipe under different gravity conditions
图 3 不同重力水平下的可视化流型[12]
Figure 3. Flow pattern visualizations under different gravity levels
图 4 不同重力情况下圆管内的气液界面[14]
Figure 4. Liquid-vapor interfaces inside round tubes under different gravitational accelerations
图 5 气液两相流动中的主导作用力分区[20]
Figure 5. Partition diagram of dominant forces in gas-liquid two-phase flow
图 6 ENCOM-2项目翅片膜状冷凝实验装置[33]
Figure 6. ENCOM-2 Project fin film condensation experiment setup
表 1 微重力条件下管内冷凝模拟的主要内容及结论
Table 1. Main contents and conclusions of the simulation of condensation in tubes under microgravity condition
研究类型 研究对象 研究工质及条件 主要结论 文献 VOF模拟 内径1 mm圆形微通道 工质: R134 a
G= 100, 800 kg·m–2·s–1低质量流速时, 产生偏心环流, 管道上部传热效果远优于底部; 高质量流速时, 重力的影响可忽略不计 [13] VOF模拟 内径3.78 mm水平光滑圆管 工质: R410 A
G = 307～720 kg·m–2·s–1
g = 0～9.81 m·s–2低流速时重力显著提高传热系数, 高流速时重力影响减弱; 零重力下质量传递率显著降低, 液膜分布更均匀 [14] VOF模拟 内径0.25～4 mm水平
光滑圆管工质: R410 A
G = 400～1000 kg·m–2·s–1传热系数和压降随质量流速增加、管径减小而增大; 小通道底部液膜堆积, 微通道中均匀分布, 重力效应可忽略 [15] 三维瞬态VOF模型 内径1～2 mm水平圆管 工质: Neon
G = 20～187 kg·m–2·s–1
饱和温度: 34.5～37.5 K
壁温: 29～32 K重力对低温工质冷凝影响显著, 零重力下界面波动增强传热; 小直径管抑制重力分层效应, 液膜分布更均匀; 质量流速增加可削弱重力影响 [17,18] 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 环状流冷凝传热关联式
Table 2. Condensation heat transfer correlations for annular flow
关联式 适用工质及管道尺寸 文献 $ \dfrac{{h}_{tp}{D}_{h}}{{k}_{f}}=0.0274{\text{Pr}}_{f}\text{Re}_{f}^{0.6792}{x}^{0.2208}\dfrac{{\phi }_{g}}{{X}_{tt}} $ R134 a多通道Dh = 1.46 mm [26] $ \dfrac{{h}_{tp}{D}_{h}}{{k}_{f}}=0.0152(1+0.6\text{Pr}_{f}^{0.8})\dfrac{{\phi }_{g}}{{X}_{tt}}\text{Re}_{f}^{0.77} $ R134 a多通道Dh = 0.80 , 1.11 mm [27] $ \dfrac{{h}_{tp}D}{{k}_{f}}=0.0152(-0.33+0.83\text{Pr}_{f}^{0.8})\dfrac{{\phi }_{g}}{{X}_{tt}}\text{Re}_{f}^{0.77} $ R410 A, R410 A/油D = 1.6, 4.18 mm [28] $ \dfrac{{h}_{tp}D}{{k}_{f}}=25.084\text{Re}_{f}^{0.258}\text{Pr}_{f}^{-0.495}P_{R}^{-0.288}{\left(\dfrac{x}{1-x}\right)}^{0.266} $ R134 a, R404 AD = 0.31～3.30 mm [29] $ \dfrac{{h}_{tp}D}{{k}_{f}}=0.0055\text{Pr}_{f}^{1.37}\dfrac{{\phi }_{g}}{{X}_{tt}}\text{Re}_{f}^{0.7} $ R134 a, R236 fa, R1234 ze(E)多通道Dh = 1.45 mm [30]
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 微重力下强化冷凝传热技术对比
Table 3. Comparison of enhanced condensation heat transfer techniques under microgravity
方法类型 代表技术 传热强化效果 重力敏感性 工程复杂度 适用场合 表面润湿改性 超疏水/超亲水涂层 中 低 低 小型航天器热控表面 多孔结构强化 金属泡沫/烧结毛细芯 中 中 中 空间站两相流体回路 微纳沟槽结构 V型槽/螺旋沟槽 较高 中 高 高热流密度冷凝器 电场强化 脉冲电场辅助冷凝 高 无 高 精密电子设备冷却 离心力辅助 旋转冷凝器 高 中 高 航天器可旋转部件热控 振动/超声波扰动 压电致动器高频振动 较低 低 中 小型设备局部强化
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] AZZOLIN M, BORTOLIN S, LE NGUYEN L P, et al. Experimental investigation of in-tube condensation in microgravity[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 96: 69-79 doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.05.013 [2] ZHANG S R, YU Y S, DING J W, et al. Effect of gravity conditions on heat transfer and flow fluctuations of liquid hydrogen in a non-isothermal horizontal circular tube[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(19): 7058-7071 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.183 [3] 张雷刚, 茹梦, 李豪, 等. 旋转作用下水平圆管内蒸汽冷凝特性[J]. 空间科学学报, 2025, 45(1): 149-161 doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.01.2024-0004ZHANG Leigang, RU Meng, LI Hao, et al. Steam condensing characteristics in a horizontal circular tube under rotating action[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2025, 45(1): 149-161 doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.01.2024-0004 [4] 胡文瑞, 徐硕昌. 微重力流体力学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1999HU Wenrui, XU Shuochang. Microgravity Fluid Dynamics[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1999 [5] HE Y, WU J J, LI W, et al. Condensation heat transfer on the outer surface of a horizontal annulus having surface enhancement[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2023, 201: 123588 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123588 [6] EL FIL B, KINI G, GARIMELLA S. A review of dropwise condensation: Theory, modeling, experiments, and applications[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 160: 120172 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120172 [7] EWIM D R E, MEYER J P, ABADI S M A N R. Condensation heat transfer coefficients in an inclined smooth tube at low mass fluxes[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 123: 455-467 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.091 [8] PALEN J W, BREBER G, TABOREK J. Prediction of flow regimes in horizontal tube-side condensation[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering, 1979, 1(2): 47-57 doi: 10.1080/01457637908939558 [9] MANGINI D, MAMELI M, FIORITI D, et al. Hybrid Pulsating Heat Pipe for space applications with non-uniform heating patterns: Ground and microgravity experiments[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 1029-1043 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.035 [10] LEE H, PARK I, KONISHI C, et al. Experimental investigation of flow condensation in microgravity[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 2014, 136(2): 021502 doi: 10.1115/1.4025683 [11] BERTO A, AZZOLIN M, BORTOLIN S, et al. Condensation heat transfer in microgravity conditions[J]. npj Microgravity, 2023, 9(1): 32 doi: 10.1038/s41526-023-00276-1 [12] BERTO A, AZZOLIN M, LAVIEILLE P, et al. Experimental investigation of liquid film thickness and heat transfer during condensation in microgravity[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 199: 123467 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123467 [13] DA RIVA E, DEL COL D. Effect of Gravity during condensation of R134a in a circular minichannel VOF simulation of annular condensation[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2011, 23(1): 87-97 doi: 10.1007/s12217-011-9275-4 [14] LI W, ZHANG J Z, MI P F, et al. The effect of gravity on R410A condensing flow in horizontal circular tubes[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2017, 71(3): 327-340 doi: 10.1080/10407782.2016.1264743 [15] ZHANG J Z, LI W. Numerical study on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R410A condensation in horizontal circular mini/micro-tubes[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2016, 94(9): 1809-1819 doi: 10.1002/cjce.22554 [16] LI P P, CHEN Z Q, SHI J. Numerical study on the effects of gravity and surface tension on condensation process in square minichannel[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2018, 30(1/2): 19-24 doi: 10.1007/s12217-017-9570-9 [17] HE F L, DU W F, MIAO J Y, et al. Numerical investigation of the gravity effect on two-phase flow and heat transfer of neon condensation inside horizontal tubes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 233: 121162 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121162 [18] 何发龙, 杜王芳, 赵建福, 等. 细微管内氖工质流动冷凝换热特性仿真分析[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2023, 44(3): 684-689HE Falong, DU Wangfang, ZHAO Jianfu, et al. Numerical investigation of neon flow condensation heat transfer characteristics inside mini tubes[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2023, 44(3): 684-689 [19] WEN J, GU X, LIU Y C, et al. Effect of surface tension, gravity and turbulence on condensation patterns of R1234ze(E) in horizontal mini/macro-channels[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 125: 153-170 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.04.039 [20] 杜王芳, 乐述文, 赵建福, 等. 多相热流体系统中的重力无关性准则[J]. 河北水利电力学院学报, 2019(2): 1-7 doi: 10.16046/j.cnki.issn2096-5680.2019.02.001DU Wangfang, YUE Shuwen, ZHAO Jianfu, et al. Criteria of gravity independence in multiphase thermal fluid system[J]. Journal of Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, 2019(2): 1-7 doi: 10.16046/j.cnki.issn2096-5680.2019.02.001 [21] 赵建福, 彭浩. 不同重力条件下管内冷凝现象研究进展[J]. 力学进展, 2011, 41(6): 702-710ZHAO Jianfu, PENG Hao. Review on in-tube condensation in different gravity conditions[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2011, 41(6): 702-710 [22] NEMA G, GARIMELLA S, FRONK B M. Flow regime transitions during condensation in microchannels[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2014, 40: 227-240 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.11.018 [23] BABA S, SAKAI T, SAWADA K, et al. Proposal of experimental setup on boiling two-phase flow on-orbit experiments onboard Japanese experiment module “KIBO”[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2011, 327(1): 012055 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012055 [24] 杜王芳, 赵建福, 李凯. 多相热流体系统中的主导作用力分区准则[J]. 河北水利电力学院学报, 2018(1): 1-5,12DU Wangfang, ZHAO Jianfu, LI Kai. Criteria for dominated force regime map in multiphase thermal fluid system[J]. Journal of Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, 2018(1): 1-5,12 [25] BRENDEL L P M, BRAUN J E, GROLL E A. Comparison of gravity independence criteria for two-phase flow[J]. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 2021, 35(4): 830-842 doi: 10.2514/1.T6202 [26] WANG W W W, RADCLIFF T D, CHRISTENSEN R N. A condensation heat transfer correlation for millimeter-scale tubing with flow regime transition[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2002, 26(5): 473-485 doi: 10.1016/S0894-1777(02)00162-0 [27] KOYAMA S, KUWAHARA K, NAKASHITA K, et al. An experimental study on condensation of refrigerant R134a in a multi-port extruded tube[J]. International journal of refrigeration, 2003, 26(4): 425-432 doi: 10.1016/S0140-7007(02)00155-X [28] HUANG X C, DING G L, HU H T, et al. Influence of oil on flow condensation heat transfer of R410A inside 4.18 mm and 1.6 mm inner diameter horizontal smooth tubes[J]. International journal of refrigeration, 2010, 33(1): 158-169 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.09.008 [29] BOHDAL T, CHARUN H, SIKORA M. Comparative investigations of the condensation of R134a and R404A refrigerants in pipe minichannels[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2011, 54(9/10): 1963-1974 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.01.005 [30] PARK J E, VAKILI-FARAHANI F, CONSOLINI L, et al. Experimental study on condensation heat transfer in vertical minichannels for new refrigerant R1234ze (E) versus R134a and R236fa[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2011, 35(3): 442-454 doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.11.006 [31] NEBULONI S, THOME J R. Film Condensation under normal and microgravity: effect of channel shape[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2007, 19(3/4): 125-127 doi: 10.1007/bf02915772 [32] WANG X W, LIU Q S, ZHU Z Q, et al. Experiments of transient condensation heat transfer on the heat flux senor[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2015, 27(5): 369-376 doi: 10.1007/s12217-015-9427-z [33] BORTOLIN S, EL ACHKAR G, KOSTOGLOU M, et al. Experimental investigations on condensation in the framework of ENhanced COndensers in microgravity (ENCOM-2) project[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2014, 26(5): 335-349 doi: 10.1007/s12217-014-9402-0 [34] GLUSHCHUK A, MINETTI C, MACHRAFI H, et al. Experimental investigation of force balance at vapour condensation on a cylindrical fin[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 108: 2130-2142 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.067 [35] KUNDAN A, NGUYEN T T T, PLAWSKY J L, et al. Condensation on highly superheated surfaces: unstable thin films in a wickless heat pipe[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2017, 118(9): 094501 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.094501 [36] PANDAY P N, DARSHAN S, BANDOPADHYAY A, et al. Merging of two droplets at an air-water interface driven by surface tension gradient[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2024, 288: 119769 doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2024.119769 [37] YUAN Z P, HU Z F, GAO S H, et al. The effect of the initial state of the droplet group on the energy conversion efficiency of self-propelled jumping[J]. Langmuir, 2019, 35(48): 16037-16042 doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01037 [38] PENG Q, YAN X, LI J Q, et al. Breaking droplet jumping energy conversion limits with superhydrophobic microgrooves[J]. Langmuir, 2020, 36(32): 9510-9522 doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01494 [39] KIM M S, ARVIN K A, KWON O K, et al. A comparison of condensation heat transfer performance of MWCNT/Fe composite coatings on steel substrate[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2014, 28(4): 1589-1596 doi: 10.1007/s12206-013-1190-8 [40] WANG X, XU B, CHEN Z Q, et al. Review of droplet dynamics and dropwise condensation enhancement: theory, experiments and applications[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 305: 102684 doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102684 [41] ZHAO S T, MA Z C, SONG M K, et al. Golden section criterion to achieve droplet trampoline effect on metal-based superhydrophobic surface[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 6572 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42375-3 [42] WANG X, XU W T, CHEN Z Q, et al. Dropwise condensation heat transfer on nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces with different inclinations and surface subcoolings[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021, 181: 121898 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121898 [43] TALESH BAHRAMI H R, SAFFARI H. Theoretical study of stable dropwise condensation on an inclined micro/nano-structured tube[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2017, 75: 141-154 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.01.011 [44] SAKAKEENY J, LING Y. Numerical study of natural oscillations of supported drops with free and pinned contact lines[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2021, 33(6): 062109 doi: 10.1063/5.0049328 [45] LI M J, HUBER C, TAO W Q, et al. Study on nucleation position and wetting state for dropwise condensation on rough structures with different wettability using multiphase lattice Boltzmann method[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 131: 96-100 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.055 [46] WANG X, XU B, CHEN Z Q, et al. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of dropwise condensation on the microstructured surfaces with different wettability and morphologies[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2021, 160: 106643 doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106643 [47] BONNER R W. Dropwise condensation on surfaces with graded hydrophobicity[C]//Proceedings of the ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. California: ASME, 2009: 491-495 [48] WANG X, XU B, WANG Y, et al. Directional migration of single droplet on multi-wetting gradient surface by 3D lattice Boltzmann method[J]. Computers & Fluids, 2020, 198: 104392 doi: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2019.104392 [49] MANCIO REIS F M, LAVIEILLE P, MISCEVIC M. Experimental analysis of the effect of a wettability gradient on condensation heat transfer coefficient[C]//13th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics. Portorož: American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers, 2017 [50] XU B, CHEN Z Q. Condensation on composite V-Shaped surface with different gravity in nanoscale[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2019, 31(5): 603-613 doi: 10.1007/s12217-019-09731-9 [51] MILJKOVIC N, PRESTON D J, ENRIGHT R, et al. Electric-Field-Enhanced condensation on superhydrophobic nanostructured surfaces[J]. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(12): 11043-11054 doi: 10.1021/nn404707j [52] XU B, ZHANG C C, CHEN Z Q, et al. Investigation of nano-droplet wetting states on array micro-structured surfaces with different gravity[J]. Computers & Fluids, 2021, 222: 104936 doi: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2021.104936 [53] BAGHEL V, RANJAN M. Numerical estimation of droplet motion on linear wettability gradient surface in microgravity environment[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2022, 32: 103916 doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103916 [54] PU L, LI H X, ZHAO J F, et al. Numerical simulation of condensation of bubbles under microgravity conditions by moving mesh method in the double-staggered grid[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2009, 21(1): 15-22 doi: 10.1007/s12217-009-9143-7 [55] LIANG R Q, CHEN Z. Dynamics for droplets in normal gravity and microgravity[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2009, 21(1): 247-254 doi: 10.1007/s12217-009-9156-2 [56] MUKHERJEE R, BERRIER A S, MURPHY K R, et al. How surface orientation affects jumping-droplet condensation[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(5): 1360-1376 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.03.004 [57] BRUTIN D, ZHU Z Q, RAHLI O, et al. Sessile drop in microgravity: creation, contact angle and interface[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2009, 21(1): 67-76 doi: 10.1007/s12217-009-9132-x [58] BONAB M S, MINETTI C, IORIO C S, et al. Experimental investigation of dropwise condensation shedding by shearing airflow in microgravity using different surface coatings[J]. Langmuir, 2023, 39(1): 64-74 doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01898 -
-
下载:
图(6) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 711
- HTML全文浏览量: 120
- PDF下载量: 37
-
被引次数:
0(来源:Crossref)
0(来源:其他)
