风云气象卫星与商业卫星的掩星分布与协同观测
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.03.2025-0123 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0123
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鲁文强 男, 1987年6月出生于山东省滨州市, 现为国家卫星气象中心高级工程师, 主要研究方向为GNSS仪器预处理、风云三号卫星仪器地理定位等. E-mail: luwq@cma.gov.cn -
徐娜 女, 1982年出生于山东省烟台市, 现为国家卫星气象中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为卫星遥感器定标与定量反演. E-mail: xuna@cma.gov.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Occultation Distribution and Collaborative Observations of Fengyun Meteorological Satellites and Commercial Satellites
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摘要: GNSS无线电掩星技术是构建全球高精度大气与电离层探测体系的关键手段. 中国风云三号业务化掩星系统数据质量高、稳定性强、标准化程度高, 然而受其轨道构型限制, 在赤道和极区仍存在覆盖不足的问题. 近年来, 天目、云遥等商业掩星星座的快速发展, 为通过多源协同观测提升掩星数据时空密度提供了新的可能. 基于风云三号、天目星座和云遥星座的实测掩星数据, 系统评估三类星座的空间分布特征及其联合观测效益. 结果表明, 引入商业星座能够显著增加全球掩星事件数量, 增强对低、高纬度区域的覆盖能力, 并将地方时覆盖从分时段分布提升至近全天时连续分布. 尽管观测密度整体提升, 中纬度局部地区仍存在数据过度集中和高分辨率下的观测空白, 反映出轨道构型与星座协同规划尚需进一步优化. 研究为中国风云系列与商业掩星星座的协同发展提供了关键参考.Abstract: GNSS Radio Occultation (RO) serves as a key technique for constructing a global high-precision atmospheric and ionospheric sounding capabilities. China’s operational Fengyun-3 (FY-3) RO system produces data of exceptional quality, characterized by high accuracy, stability, and standardization, making it the current accuracy benchmark in RO sounding. However, due to its orbital configuration, the FY-3 system alone still exhibits coverage gaps in equatorial and polar regions. In recent years, the rapid development of commercial constellations such as Tianmu and Yunyao has enabled multi-source RO cooperative observations, offering a promising approach to enhance the spatiotemporal density of RO data. Based on RO measurements from the FY-3, Tianmu, and Yunyao constellations, this study systematically evaluates the spatial distribution characteristics and joint observation benefits of the three systems. Results demonstrate that integrating commercial constellations significantly increases the number of global RO events and improves coverage at low and high latitudes. Local time coverage is also enhanced from segmented intervals to nearly continuous throughout the day. Despite the considerable improvement in observational density, data overconcentration in certain mid-latitude areas and small-scale gaps under high-resolution analysis remain, indicating that orbital configurations and constellation coordination require further optimization. This study provides quantitative references for the future collaborative development of China’s FY-3 and commercial RO constellations.
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图 1 风云卫星在轨布局(截至2026年1月)
Figure 1. Deployment of Fengyun satellites in orbit by January 2026
图 2 掩星事件空间分布及网格频次统计
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of occultation events and grid frequency statistics
图 6 天目与云遥商业卫星在不同分辨率下掩星事件的空间分布热力图
Figure 6. Spatial distribution heatmaps of occultation events for TM and YY commercial satellites at different resolutions
图 7 天目与云遥掩星事件的地方时分布
Figure 7. Local time distribution of occultation events for TM and YY satellite
图 9 联合观测不同分辨率掩星事件的空间分布和频次统计
Figure 9. Spatial distribution and frequency statistics of occultation events from joint observation at different resolutions
图 10 联合观测掩星事件的地方时分布
Figure 10. Local Time (LT) distribution of joint occultation events
图 11 不同轨道倾角的仿真掩星事件全球分布
Figure 11. Global distribution map of occultation events with different orbital inclinations
图 12 不同降交点地方时的太阳同步轨道掩星事件全球分布
Figure 12. Global distribution map of Sun-synchronous orbit occultation events at different perigee locations
图 13 仿真与联合观测全球掩星事件分布
Figure 13. Simulation and joint observation distribution of occultation events
图 14 仿真与三系统联合观测不同分辨率的掩星事件空间分布及频次统计
Figure 14. Simulation and three-system joint observation of spatial distribution and frequency statistics for occultation events at different resolutions
图 15 仿真与联合观测的地方时分布
Figure 15. Simulation and joint observation of local Time (LT) distribution
表 1 不同纬度带的掩星数量和占比
Table 1. Numbers of RO in different latitude bands
纬度带 低纬度赤道(10°S－10°N) 中低纬度(10°－45°) 中低纬度(45°－80°) 高纬度极地地区(>80°) 掩星星座 数量 占比/(%) 数量 占比/(%) 数量 占比/(%) 数量 占比/(%) FY-3 1601 8.79 10021 55.01 6140 33.70 456 2.50 TM 9139 9.19 50583 45.33 46966 42.09 4893 4.39 YY 18135 10.07 78926 46.57 67144 39.62 5268 3.11 联合观测 28875 9.65 139530 46.62 120250 40.18 10617 3.55 
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表 2 各星各系统平均掩星数量
Table 2. Average number of occultations per star and system
掩星 BDS GPS GAL GLO FY-3 2469 2315 － － TM 1444 1456 1149 1019 YY 2000 1445 671 1020
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表 3 仿真卫星参数
Table 3. Simulated satellite parameters
掩星 Inclination/(°) RAAN/(°) Time (LT) LIO 30 0 － 30 30 － 30 60 － 30 90 － 30 120 － 30 150 － 30 180 － 30 210 － 30 240 － 30 270 － 30 300 － 30 330 － SSO 98.5 135 09:00 98.5 150 10:00 98.5 165 11:00 98.5 210 14:00 98.5 225 15:00
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