载人航天任务中的空间辐射环境、效应与探测
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.05.2025-0233 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0233
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贺鹏志 男, 1997年11月出生于山东省潍坊市, 现为山东大学空间科学研究院在读博士生, 主要研究方向为空间辐射环境数据分析、粒子探测、辐射生物效应等. E-mail: hpz@mail.sdu.edu.cn -
贾向红 女, 1973年9月出生于山西省太原市, 现为山东大学空间科学研究院研究员, 主要研究方向为空间辐射探测技术、辐射防护、剂量学等. E-mail: jiaxh@sdu.edu.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Space Radiation Environment, Effects and Detection in Manned Space Missions
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摘要: 随着人类航天活动由近地空间向地月空间和行星际区域拓展, 空间辐射已成为制约任务可靠性与人类长期驻留能力的基础安全问题. 多源、高能、强时变的空间辐射环境, 对航天器安全和人体健康构成持续且难以预测的风险挑战. 尤其在失去地磁场保护的深空探测任务中, 空间辐射的时空特征与作用机制更加复杂, 对辐射监测与风险评估提出更高要求. 针对上述挑战, 有必要在环境认知、辐射影响和探测技术等层面开展研究. 本文围绕空间辐射环境特征及其航天器和生物效应, 以及辐射探测与剂量表征方法, 梳理相关研究进展, 并结合典型航天任务加以分析, 可为载人航天任务的辐射监测与风险评估提供科学依据, 对未来深空探测的安全性论证具有重要参考价值.Abstract: As human space activities extend from low Earth orbit to the cislunar region and interplanetary space, space radiation has emerged as a fundamental safety issue constraining mission reliability and the feasibility of long-term human presence beyond Earth. Characterized by multiple sources, high particle energies, and strong temporal variability, the space radiation not only affects the reliability of spacecraft structural materials and electronic systems, but also poses potential risks to the physiological functions and long-term health of astronauts. In low Earth orbit, the radiation environment is primarily composed of trapped particle radiation, galactic cosmic rays, and sporadic high-intensity solar particle events. For deep-space exploration missions beyond the protection of the geomagnetic field, the spatiotemporal behavior and interaction mechanisms of space radiation become increasingly complex, exposing both spacecraft systems and astronauts to elevated radiation levels and cumulative effects. Meanwhile, long-duration missions involving extended habitation within spacecraft or extraterrestrial bases further amplify the effect of radiation on mission design and feasibility. This necessitates greater rigor in radiation monitoring, effects analysis, and risk assessment. To address these challenges, a systematic study integrating environmental characterization, radiation effects, and detection technologies is needed. This paper reviews the characteristics of the space radiation environment and its effects on both spacecraft systems and biological organisms. It further introduces the principles and current development of radiation detection technologies, including various dosimetric methods, particle identification techniques, and energy spectrum measurement approaches. In addition, representative space missions are examined as case studies to illustrate the evolution of radiation monitoring strategies and in-orbit measurement capabilities. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive review of the space radiation environment, its effects, and associated detection technologies in the context of human spaceflight. This study provides a scientific basis for radiation monitoring and risk assessment in manned spaceflight, and offers important references for safety analyses and mission design in deep-space exploration.
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表 1 空间辐射探测器类型及性能特征概述
Table 1. Overview of types and performance characteristics of space radiation detectors
探测器
类型代表器件 探测原理 主要监测指标 数据主要用途 监测能力 主动型
探测器气体
探测器电离室
正比计数器
GM计数管
多丝正比室带电粒子在气体中电离产生电子－离子对, 外加电场收集电荷形成电信号 电离电流、脉冲计数、沉积能量 辐射剂量监测、粒子计数、能谱
分析结构可靠、环境适应性强, 高计数率及累积测量能力, 空间分辨率中等 闪烁体
探测器无机闪烁体(NaI(Tl)和CsI(Tl)等)
有机闪烁体(液体及塑料闪烁体)
气体闪烁体入射粒子激发介质原子或分子, 退激释放光子, 光电器件转换为电信号 光子信号、沉积能量、时间信息 粒子快速计数、能谱分析、时间分辨测量 响应快、探测效率高、具备高通量监测能力, 能量分辨率中等 半导体
探测器硅、锗
宽禁带(碳化硅、
氮化镓等)
超宽禁带(金刚石、
氧化镓、氮化铝等)粒子在半导体中产生电子－空穴对, 偏置电场收集电荷, 信号与沉积能量成正比 感生电荷、沉积能量、能量分辨 能谱精密测量、粒子种类判别、辐射环境监测 能量分辨率高、体积较小, 对高温和强辐照环境适应性强 多通道阵列探测器 硅微条
混合像素阵列
CMOS像素阵列基于半导体原理, 每个像素独立收集电子－空穴对, 经集成读出电路实现空间、能量及时间信息同步采集 空间分布、径迹形态、沉积能量、飞行时间 粒子径迹重建、事件成像、混合辐射场分析 高空间分辨率、多维信息采集、实时在轨监测、可区分高能粒子与背景 被动型探测器 核径迹探测器
荧光探测器(如热释光和光致发光探测器)
核乳胶探测器入射粒子在材料中形成微观损伤或亚稳态缺陷, 然后通过化学或热处理读取信号 累积剂量、径迹密度 长期剂量评估、辐射风险分析、校准主动型探测器 灵敏度高、体积小、结构稳健, 但无实时测量, 种类和能谱分辨能力有限 
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