火星宜居环境关键要素分析及其对天问三号选址的启示
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.05.2024-0131 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0131
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万李明 女, 2000年２月出生于河南省开封市, 现为中国科学院地球化学研究所月球与行星科学中心硕士研究生, 主要从事火星遥感地貌水环境相关的研究. E-mail: wanliming@mail.gyig.ac.cn -
唐红 女, 1984年8月出生于四川省内江市, 现为中国科学院地球化学研究所月球与行星科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为天体表面环境、天体水和有机物和地外资源利用等. E-mail: tanghong@vip.gyig.ac.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Analysis of the Key Elements of Martian Habitable Environment and Its Implication for Tianwen-3 Site Selection
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摘要: 火星宜居环境是火星探测和行星科学的重要研究内容之一. 通过分析火星的探测任务及其研究成果, 研究了火星宜居环境的四个关键要素, 包括生命所需关键元素(碳、氮、硫和磷)、液态水、适宜的气候和能量来源. 对比分析乌托邦平原以及阿拉伯高地西北部中的四个典型区域(茅尔斯峡谷、大山撞击坑、麦克劳林撞击坑和奥克夏高原)的地质背景和宜居环境关键要素特征, 结果表明, 乌托邦平原以其广泛的液态水活动痕迹和丰富的生命指示性矿物展现出重要的科学研究价值, 成为天问三号任务的重点候选着陆区. 本研究为天问三号任务着陆区的选择以及火星宜居环境的探索提供了重要的依据.Abstract: The study of Martian habitable environment is an important aspect of Mars exploration and planetary science. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the key factors influencing Martian habitability, by reviewing the research achievements from past Mars exploration missions. The analysis focuses on four essential criteria necessary for life as we know it: the availability of key elements (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus), the presence of liquid water, suitable climate conditions, and energy sources that could support life. These criteria form the foundation for understanding the potential for life on Mars, both in its past and in possible future scenarios. Based on these factors, comparing and the geological background and key elements of habitable environments of Utopia Planitia and four typical areas of northwest of Arabia Terra (Mawrth Vallis, Oyama Crater, McLaughlin Crater, Oxia Planum). These regions were selected based on their geological characteristics and the available evidence of water-related activity. The findings emphasize that Utopia Planitia, with its extensive traces of ancient liquid water activity, is a promising candidate for landing missions. The region is notable for its rich mineral composition, including the presence of minerals that strongly indicate the past or present potential for habitable conditions. These mineral traces provide invaluable clues regarding the availability of key life-supporting elements and the climatic conditions that could have prevailed in Mars’ ancient past. In contrast, while Mawrth Vallis and Oxia Planum also provide compelling geological evidence of past water activity, they present certain challenges. These regions are known for their complex and highly varied geological history, which makes interpreting the evidence of habitability more difficult. Moreover, the accessibility and preservation of key habitability features in these areas may be compromised due to erosional and environmental factors. On the other hand, Oyama Crater and McLaughlin Crater, although presenting some interesting findings, are less favorable candidates due to their environmental harshness, as well as limited evidence of sustained water activity or suitable conditions for life. The paper reinforces the significance of Utopia Planitia as an important target for future Mars missions, including the Tianwen-3 mission, which aims to explore the planet’s potential for past or present life. And this paper offers critical insights that could guide the selection of landing sites for future missions and advance the exploration of habitable environments on Mars.
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Key words:
- Mars exploration /
- Habitable environment /
- Landing site /
- Tianwen-3
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图 2 火星上已在原位(盖尔撞击坑、古谢夫撞击坑、北极)或通过近红外远程观测在8个地点 (特别是古代高地的第勒那地地区)发现碳酸盐地点的MOLA火星激光高度计高程图(红星)(修改自文献 [40])
Figure 2. MOLA map of localities (red stars) on Mars where carbonate has been identified either in situ (Gale crater, Gusev, north pole) or from NIR remote observation at eight localities, particularly around the Tyrrhena Terra region in the Ancient Highlands (Modified from Ref. [40])
图 5 早期的水流地貌. (a) 网状河谷(中心坐标92.6°W, 42.5°S); (b) 发育在火星扇状沉积上的脊状倒转河道(中心坐标151.4°E, 6.2°S); (c) Kasei谷(中心坐标301.5°E, 27.1°N); (d) 古湖泊(中心坐标174.8°E, 18.6°S), 红色箭头指向水流方向; (e) 冲积扇(中心坐标74.46°E, 22.73°S); (f) 三角洲(中心坐标45°7′28″W, 11°33′21″N). 图像均为MOLA彩色地形图叠加在火星奥德赛热辐射成像系统(THEMIS)日间影像上 (a, b, d, e修改自文献[112]; c修改自文献[115]; f修改自文献[122])
Figure 5. Early fluvial landform. (a) Valley networks (central coordinates 92.6°W, 42.5°S); (b) ridge-like inverted channels developed on Martian fan deposits (central coordinates 151.4°E, 6.2°S); (c) Kasei valles (central coordinates 301.5°E; 27.1°N); (d) Paleolakes (central coordinates 174.8°E, 18.6°S); (e) alluvial fan (central coordinates 74.46°E, 22.73°S); (f) delta (central coordinates 45°7′28″W, 11°33′21″N). The images are MOLA colorized topographic map overlaid on THEMIS mosaics (a, b, d, e are modified from Ref. [112]; c is modified from Ref. [115]; f is modified from Ref. [122])
表 1 中国天问三号候选着陆区基于宜居环境关键要素的初步评价
Table 1. Preliminary evaluation of the pre-selected landing zone of China’s Tianwen-3 based on key elements of the habitable environment
地点 中心位置 含水矿物 水环境类型 能量来源 丰富性 茅尔斯峡谷 22.36°N, 343.5°E 高岭石
铁/镁蒙脱石
硫酸盐矿物(黄钾铁矾和石膏)外流河道 热液环境
氧化还原诺亚纪
西方纪－亚马逊纪过渡
跨地质年代
有层序信息大山撞击坑 24°N, 340.7°E 铝页硅酸盐
铁/镁蒙皂石河流侵蚀
的倒转地形热液系统 诺亚纪、西方纪
跨地质年代
有层序信息麦克劳林撞击坑 21.9°N, 337.63°E 碳酸盐
镁铁黏土
蛇纹石古湖泊 氧化还原
热液系统诺亚纪
跨地质年代
有层序信息奥克夏高原 18.275°N, 335.368°E 铁、镁黏土矿物 (如绿脱石
和蛭石)
水合二氧化硅古湖泊 氧化还原
热液系统诺亚纪
跨地质年代
有层序信息乌托邦平原 49.7°N, 118°E 含水硫酸盐
碳酸盐
层状硅酸盐古海洋
埋藏河道热液系统 西方纪–亚马逊纪
跨地质年代
有层序信息
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