A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System

XU Penghui; KONG Linggao; ZHANG Aibing; MA Jijie

doi:10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Chinese Journal of Space Science > 2025 > Corrected proofOpen Access

XU Penghui, KONG Linggao, ZHANG Aibing, MA Jijie. A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2025, 45(3): 795-809 doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156

Citation:

XU Penghui, KONG Linggao, ZHANG Aibing, MA Jijie. A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2025, 45(3): 795-809 doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156

Citation:

PDF( 6252 KB)

A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System

doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0156

XU Penghui^{1, 2
,},
KONG Linggao^{3, 1
,
,},
ZHANG Aibing^{1, 2, 4
,},
MA Jijie^{1, 2
,}

1.
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3.
Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163
4.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190

Received Date: 2024-11-05
Rev Recd Date: 2025-02-11

Available Online: 2025-02-12

Abstract

Abstract

Recently, graphene foils are considered a promising material for space detection applications due to their minimal thickness. For comparing the specific performance of graphene and carbon foils in film-type Time-of-Flight (TOF) systems, a detailed computer simulation in a definite TOF system is conducted by integrating SRIM, the particle transmission simulation software, with SIMION, the particle optical simulation software. TOF simulation results focused on various aspects of TOF system performance are obtained, such as TOF spectra, scattering distribution, scattering angle, and detection efficiency. These parameters of the TOF system provide reference to the ability of mass spectrometric differentiation and simulation results show that graphene foils applied to the satellite-borne TOF system have higher spectral resolution, shorter scattering radius, lower scattering angle, and higher detection efficiency compared to carbon foils. Graphene’s better performance is derived from its lower thickness, which causes less scattering during ion transmission into graphene. These findings indicate that using graphene foils instead of carbon foils can improve the performance of film-type TOF systems. Further validation of this conclusion requires corresponding experimental test data and results. The conclusion can be referred to the practical testing of graphene foils and other related research, which can make progress for the final practical facilitation of graphene on in-flight TOF systems.
- Space particle detection,
- Film-type TOF system,
- Carbon foils,
- Graphene,
- SRIM,
- SIMION

FullText(HTML)

References(41)

References

[1]	RÈME H, BOSQUED J M, SAUVAUD J A, et al. The cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) experiment[J]. Space Science Reviews, 1997, 79(1): 303-350
[2]	YOUNG D T, BARRACLOUGH B L, BERTHELIER J J, et al. Cassini plasma spectrometer investigation[C]//Cassini/Huygens: A Mission to the Saturnian Systems. Denver: SPIE, 1996, 2803: 118-128
[3]	SAITO Y, YOKOTA S, ASAMURA K, et al. In-flight performance and initial results of plasma energy angle and composition experiment (PACE) on SELENE (Kaguya)[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2010, 154(1/2/3/4): 265-303
[4]	MCCOMAS D, ALLEGRINI F, BAGENAL F, et al. The solar wind around Pluto (SWAP) instrument aboard New horizons[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2008, 140(1/2/3/4): 261-313
[5]	LI L, WANG S J, ZHANG A B, et al. The plasma experiment of the YH-1 mission[C]//Seventh International Symposium on Instrumentation and Control Technology: Optoelectronic Technology and Instruments, Control Theory and Automation, and Space Exploration. Beijing: SPIE, 2008, 7129: 71292P
[6]	OWEN C J, BRUNO R, LIVI S, et al. The solar orbiter solar wind analyser (SWA) suite[J]. Astronomy :Times New Roman;">& Astrophysics, 2020, 642: A16
[7]	KONG L G, ZHANG A B, TIAN Z, et al. Mars ion and neutral particle analyzer (MINPA) for Chinese mars exploration mission (Tianwen-1): design and ground calibration[J]. Earth and Planetary Physics, 2020, 4(4): 333-344
[8]	孔令高, 苏斌, 关燚炳, 等. 行星等离子体探测技术[J]. 地球与行星物理论评, 2021, 52(5): 459-472 KONG Linggao, SU Bin, GUAN Yibing, et al. Planetary plasma measurement technology[J]. Reviews of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, 2021, 52(5): 459-472
[9]	FUNSTEN H O, SKOUG R M, GUTHRIE A A, et al. Helium, oxygen, proton, and electron (HOPE) mass spectrometer for the radiation belt storm probes mission[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2013, 179(1/2/3/4): 423-484
[10]	FUSELIER S A, BOCHSLER P, CHORNAY D, et al. The IBEX-Lo sensor[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2009, 146(1/2/3/4): 117-147
[11]	MCCOMAS D J, ALEXANDER N, ALLEGRINI F, et al. The Jovian Auroral distributions experiment (JADE) on the Juno Mission to Jupiter[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2017, 213(1/2/3/4): 547-643
[12]	DELCOURT D, SAITO Y, LEBLANC F, et al. The mass spectrum analyzer (MSA) on board the BepiColombo MMO[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2016, 121(7): 6749-6761 doi: 10.1002/2016JA022380
[13]	MCFADDEN J P, KORTMANN O, CURTIS D, et al. MAVEN SupraThermal and thermal ion compostion (STATIC) instrument[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2015, 195(1/2/3/4): 199-256
[14]	MCCOMAS D J, ALLEGRINI F, BALDONADO J, et al. The two wide-angle imaging neutral-atom spectrometers (TWINS) NASA mission-of-opportunity[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2009, 142(1/2/3/4): 157-231
[15]	孔令高, 张爱兵, 田峥, 等. 自主火星探测高集成离子与中性粒子分析仪[J]. 深空探测学报, 2019, 6(2): 142-149 KONG Linggao, ZHANG Aibing, TIAN Zheng, et al. Integrated ion and neutral particle analyzer for Chinese Mars mission[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2019, 6(2): 142-149
[16]	EBERT R W, ALLEGRINI F, FUSELIER S A, et al. Angular scattering of 1–50 keV ions through graphene and thin carbon foils: potential applications for space plasma instrumentation[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2014, 85(3): 033302 doi: 10.1063/1.4866850
[17]	ALLEGRINI F, EBERT R W, NICOLAOU G, et al. Semi-empirical relationships for the energy loss and straggling of 1–50 keV hydrogen ions passing through thin carbon foils[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2015, 359: 115-119
[18]	ALLEGRINI F, EBERT R W, FUNSTEN H O. Carbon foils for space plasma instrumentation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2016, 121(5): 3931-3950 doi: 10.1002/2016JA022570
[19]	ALLEGRINI F, DAYEH M A. Thin carbon foil resistance to differential pressure[J]. Vacuum, 2014, 107: 124-128 doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2014.04.020
[20]	NOVOSELOV K S, GEIM A K, MOROZOV S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J]. Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666-669 doi: 10.1126/science.1102896
[21]	LEE C, WEI X D, KYSAR J W, et al. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene[J]. Science, 2008, 321(5887): 385-388 doi: 10.1126/science.1157996
[22]	ALLEGRINI F, EBERT R W, FUSELIER S A, et al. Charge state of ∼1 to 50 keV ions after passing through graphene and ultrathin carbon foils[J]. Optical Engineering, 2014, 53(2): 024101 doi: 10.1117/1.OE.53.2.024101
[23]	ALLEGRINI F, BEDWORTH P, EBERT R W, et al. Energy loss and straggling of 1~50 keV H, He, C, N, and O ions passing through few layer graphene[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2015, 358: 223-228
[24]	OLABI A G, ABDELKAREEM M A, WILBERFORCE T, et al. Application of graphene in energy storage device–a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 135: 110026 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110026
[25]	WU H Q, LINGHU C Y, LU H M, et al. Graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits[J]. Chinese Physics B, 2013, 22(9): 098106 doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/22/9/098106
[26]	ZHONG Y J, ZHEN Z, ZHU H W. Graphene: fundamental research and potential applications[J]. FlatChem, 2017, 4: 20-32 doi: 10.1016/j.flatc.2017.06.008
[27]	孔令高, 张爱兵, 郑香脂, 等. 热离子质谱分析仪的研制及定标[J]. 空间科学学报, 2017, 37(5): 585-592 doi: 10.11728/cjss2017.05.585 KONG Linggao, ZHANG Aibing, ZHENG Xiangzhi, et al. Development and calibration of thermal ion mass spectrometer[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2017, 37(5): 585-592 doi: 10.11728/cjss2017.05.585
[28]	ZEIGER B R, SHIELDS M W, PAUL B, et al. Graphene foils for neutral atom detectors[C]//Earth Observing Systems XXIV. San Diego: SPIE, 2019, 11127: 111272C
[29]	VIRA A D, FERNANDES P A, FUNSTEN H O, et al. Angular scattering of protons through ultrathin graphene foils: application for time-of-flight instrumentation[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2020, 91(3): 033302 doi: 10.1063/1.5134768
[30]	孔令高, 张爱兵, 王世金, 等. 基于SIMION软件的空间等离子体探测器的数值仿真[J]. 中国空间科学技术, 2012, 32(4): 71-76 KONG Linggao, ZHANG Aibing, WANG Shijin, et al. Numerical simulation analysis of space plasma detector based on SIMION[J]. Chinese Space Science and Technology, 2012, 32(4): 71-76
[31]	GALVIN A B, KISTLER L M, POPECKI M A, et al. The plasma and suprathermal ion composition (PLASTIC) investigation on the STEREO observatories[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2008, 136(1): 437-486
[32]	KONG L G, ZHANG A B, ZHENG X Z, et al. A satellite-borne miniature ion mass spectrometer for space plasma[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2015, 35(6): 755-762 doi: 10.11728/cjss2015.06.755
[33]	MCCOMAS D J, ALLEGRINI F, POLLOCK C J, et al. Ultrathin (∼10 nm) carbon foils in space instrumentation[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2004, 75(11): 4863-4870 doi: 10.1063/1.1809265
[34]	ZIEGLER J F, ZIEGLER M D, BIERSACK J P. SRIM–the stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2010, 268(11/12): 1818-1823
[35]	DAHL D A. SIMION for the personal computer in reflection[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2000, 200(1/2/3): 3-25
[36]	DIB A, AMMI H, MSIMANGA M, et al. Stopping force of (0.09–0.30) MeV/n ²²Ti, ²⁴Cr and ²⁸Ni ions in aluminum oxide and titanium oxide thin foils by time of flight spectrometry[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2023, 543: 165099 doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2023.165099
[37]	YIĞIT M, KARA A, YILMAZ A. A study on interactions of 14.7 MeV protons and 3.6 MeV Alphas in ⁹³Nb target[J]. Fusion Science and Technology, 2024, 80(2): 156-165 doi: 10.1080/15361055.2023.2211190
[38]	孙立涛, 徐涛, 尹奎波. 石墨烯及相关二维材料显微结构表征[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2018 SUN Litao, XU Tao, YIN Kuibo. Microstructural Characterization of Graphene and Related 2D Materials[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2018
[39]	WANG C Y, XING Y W, LEI Y Z, et al. Adsorption of water on carbon materials: the formation of “water bridge” and its effect on water adsorption[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2021, 631: 127719 doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127719
[40]	STANCIK A L, BRAUNS E B. A simple asymmetric lineshape for fitting infrared absorption spectra[J]. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2008, 47(1): 66-69 doi: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2008.02.009
[41]	WÜEST M, EVANS D S, VON STEIGER R. Calibration of Particle Instruments in Space Physics[M]. Noordwijk: The International Space Science Institute, 2007.