In 2024-2025, aligned with the overarching "Moon-to-Mars" deep space exploration objectives, NASA continued to advance space science research, human spaceflight engineering, aviation technological innovation, and the development of commercial space capabilities, achieving significant progress across several key sectors. In the field of deep space exploration, NASA systematically propelled the Artemis lunar exploration program, completing numerous critical system tests and mission preparations, while attaining milestone achievements in lunar scientific research, Mars exploration, and deep-space communications. Regarding space science, significant discoveries continued to emerge from astrobiology, planetary defense, heliophysics, astronomy, and Earth observation. In LEO, the International Space Station marked its 25th anniversary of continuous human presence, accompanied by an accelerated transition toward commercial space stations. Furthermore, consistent breakthroughs were achieved in aeronautics and space technologies, including quiet supersonic flight, hypersonics, Urban Air Mobility, and novel propulsion and material technologies. This paper provides a systematic review of NASA’s major developments and accomplishments in 2025, serving as a comprehensive reference for understanding its future strategic trajectory.
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